Araştırma Makalesi
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Acemi Sürücülerde Korna Sesi ve Selektörün Sürüş Esnasındaki Olası Psikolojik Etkileri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 32 - 46, 30.04.2025

Yiğit Kocabaş , Güney Güzelgün , Sude Bingöl

https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1663398

Öz

Bu çalışma, acemi sürücülerin işitsel ve görsel uyaranlara, özellikle korna sesi ve selektöre verdikleri psikolojik ve davranışsal tepkileri incelemektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, acemi sürücülerin korna sesi ve selektör gibi çevresel uyaranlara verdikleri duygusal tepkilerin sürüş davranışlarına olan etkisini incelemektir. 30 acemi sürücü ile yüz yüze veya internet üzerinden görüşmeler yoluyla nitel veri toplanmış ve bu süreçte, acemi sürücülerin trafikte karşılaştıkları uyaranlara verdikleri tepkiler ile karar alma süreçleri ve genel sürüş performansları üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Katılımcılardan elde edilen veriler tematik analiz yöntemi kullanılarak beş ana kategori altında gruplandırılmıştır: “Çevresel Faktörler,” “Duygusal Tepkiler,” “Sürücü Davranışı,” “İletişim” ve “Tutumlar.” Bulgular, korna sesi ve selektör gibi dış uyaranların acemi sürücülerin dikkatini ve duygusal durumunu önemli ölçüde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bu durum genellikle kaygı, öfke ve stres seviyelerinin artmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu duygusal tepkiler, hız yapma, agresif sollama ve şerit değiştirme gibi saldırgan sürüş davranışlarıyla yakından ilişkilidir. Ayrıca, acemi sürücülerin bu tür uyaranlara karşı tutumlarının zamanla değiştiği, deneyim kazandıkça duygusal tepkilerinin azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, bu uyaranlara sık maruz kalmak bazı durumlarda sürücülerin özgüveninin azalmasına neden olabilmektedir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, sürücü eğitim programlarına duygu düzenleme ve stres yönetimi stratejilerinin dahil edilmesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Acemi sürücülerin duygusal tepkilerini kontrol edebilme becerisi kazanmaları, yol güvenliğinin artırılmasına, saldırgan sürüş davranışlarının azaltılmasına ve genel sürüş performansının iyileştirilmesine katkı sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

acemi sürücüler psikolojik etki korna sesi selektör duygusal tepkiler

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval for the research was obtained from the TOBB ETU Human Research Ethics Committee (E-27393295-100-69434).

Kaynakça

  • Al-Garawi, N., Dalhat, M., & Aga, O. (2021). Assessing the road traffic crashes among novice female drivers in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 13(15), 8613. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158613
  • Balk, S., & Tyrrell, R. A. (2011). The (in)accuracy of estimations of our own visual acuity in the presence of glare. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 55(1), 1210–1214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181311551252
  • Berdoulat, É., Vavassori, D., & Muñoz Sastre, M. T. (2013). Driving anger, emotional and instrumental aggressiveness, and impulsiveness in the prediction of aggressive and transgressive driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50, 758–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.06.029
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Castro, C., Padilla, J., Roca, J., Benítez, I., García-Fernández, P., Estévez, B., … & Crundall, D. (2014). Development and validation of the Spanish hazard perception test. Traffic Injury Prevention, 15(8), 817-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2013.879125
  • Chen, S., Shao, H., & Ji, X. (2021). Insights into factors affecting traffic accident severity of novice and experienced drivers: A machine learning approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312725
  • Day, M. R., Thompson, A. R., Poulter, D. R., Stride, C. B., & Rowe, R. (2018). Why do drivers become safer over the first three months of driving? A longitudinal qualitative study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 117, 225–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.04.007
  • Deffenbacher, J. L., Deffenbacher, D. M., Lynch, R. S., & Richards, T. L. (2003). Anger, aggression, and risky behavior: A comparison of high and low anger drivers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(6), 701–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00046-3
  • Drummond, A. E. (1989). An overview of novice driver performance issues: A literature review (Report No. 9). Monash University Accident Research Centre. https://www.monash.edu/muarc/research/reports/muarc009
  • Dula, C., & Ballard, M. (2003). Development and evaluation of a measure of dangerous, aggressive, negative emotional, and risky driving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 263-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01896.x
  • Dula, C. S., & Geller, E. S. (2003). Risky, aggressive, or emotional driving: Addressing the need for consistent communication in research. Journal of Safety Research, 34(5), 559–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2003.03.004
  • Ehsani, J., Gershon, P., Grant, B., Zhu, C., Klauer, S., Dingus, T., … & Simons-Morton, B. (2020). Learner driver experience and teenagers’ crash risk during the first year of independent driving. Jama Pediatrics, 174(6), 573. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0208
  • Ellison-Potter, P., Bell, P., & Deffenbacher, J. (2001). The effects of trait driving anger, anonymity, and aggressive stimuli on aggressive driving behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(2), 431-443. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00204.x
  • Fisher, D. L., Pollatsek, A. P., & Pradhan, A. K. (2006). Can novice drivers be trained to scan for information that will reduce their likelihood of a crash? Injury Prevention, 12(Suppl 1), i25–i29. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2006.012021
  • Harbeck, E., & Glendon, A. (2018). Driver prototypes and behavioral willingness: Young driver risk perception and reported engagement in risky driving. Journal of Safety Research, 66, 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2018.07.009
  • Jovanović, D., Stanojević, P., & Stanojević, D. (2011). Motives for, and attitudes about, driving-related anger and aggressive driving. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(6), 755-764. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.6.755
  • Kruglanski, A., Ellenberg, M., Szumowska, E., Molinario, E., Speckhard, A., Leander, N., … & Bushman, B. (2023). Frustration-aggression hypothesis reconsidered: The role of significance quest. Aggressive Behavior, 49(5), 445-468. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22092
  • Lansdown, T. C. (2002). Individual differences during driver secondary task performance: Verbal protocol and visual allocation findings. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 34(5), 655–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00065-3
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company. Lazuras, L., Rowe, R., Poulter, D. R., Powell, P. A., & Ypsilanti, A. (2019). Impulsive and self-regulatory processes in risky driving among young people: A dual process model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01170
  • Lee, J. D. (2007). Technology and teen drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 38(2), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2007.02.008
  • Malterud, K., Siersma, V., & Guassora, A. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753-1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444
  • McKnight, A. J., & McKnight, A. S. (2003). Young novice drivers: Careless or clueless? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(6), 921–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00100-8
  • Ni, J., Chen, J., Xie, W., & Shao, Y. (2024). The impacts of the traffic situation, road conditions, and driving environment on driver stress: A systematic review. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 103, 141–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.04.006
  • Pérez-Acebo, H., Ziolkowski, R., & Gonzalo-Orden, H. (2021). Evaluation of the Radar Speed Cameras and Panels Indicating the Vehicles’ Speed as Traffic Calming Measures (TCM) in Short Length Urban Areas Located along Rural Roads. Energies, 14(23), 8146. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238146
  • Rashid, A., & Ibrahim, M. (2017). Hazard perception: Does experience matter?. Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia, 1(1), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i1.6
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior. (2015, April 17). Regulation amending the Highway Traffic Regulation (Official Gazette No. 29329). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/04/20150417-3.htm
  • Rhodes, N., & Pivik, K. (2011). Age and gender differences in risky driving: The roles of positive affect and risk perception. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 923–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.015
  • Scialfa, C., Deschênes, M., Ference, J., Boone, J., Horswill, M., & Wetton, M. (2011). A hazard perception test for novice drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(1), 204-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.010
  • Smith, S., Horswill, M., Chambers, B., & Wetton, M. (2009). Hazard perception in novice and experienced drivers: The effects of sleepiness. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(4), 729-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.016
  • Takada, M., Suzuki, S., Kim, K., Shin, J., & Iwamiya, S. (2017). Driver’s vehicle horn use and its effects on other drivers and pedestrians: A case study in South Korea. Mechanical Engineering Journal, 4(2), 16–00433. https://doi.org/10.1299/mej.16-00433
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. (2024, May 23). Road traffic accident statistics, 2023 (No. 53479). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Karayolu-Trafik-Kaza-Istatistikleri-2023-53479
  • Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S., & Young, T. (2018). Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: Systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7
  • Wayne, N., & Miller, G. (2018). Impact of gender, organized athletics, and video gaming on driving skills in novice drivers. PLOS ONE, 13(1), e0190885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190885
  • World Health Organization. (2023). Global status report on road safety 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240077614
  • Wu, C., Chu, W., Zhang, H., & Özkan, T. (2018). Interactions between driving skills on aggressive driving: Study among Chinese drivers. Transportation Research Record, 2672(38), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118755683
  • Yang, L., Zhang, X., Zhu, X., Luo, Y., & Luo, Y. (2019). Research on risky driving behavior of novice drivers. Sustainability, 11(20), 5556. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205556
  • Žardeckaitė-Matulaitienė, K., Markšaitytė, R., Endriulaitienė, A., Šeibokaitė, L., & Slavinskienė, J. (2018). How did you become a driver: Differences in history of traffic offenses and accident involvement?. Transactions on Transport Sciences, 9(2), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.5507/tots.2018.008

Psychological Impact of Horn Sounds and Headlight Flashing on Novice Drivers During Driving

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 32 - 46, 30.04.2025

Yiğit Kocabaş , Güney Güzelgün , Sude Bingöl

https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1663398

Öz

This study investigates the psychological and behavioral responses of novice drivers to auditory and visual stimuli, specifically honking and headlight flashing. The primary objective of this study was to examine how novice drivers’ emotional responses to environmental stimuli such as horn sounds and headlight flashing influence their driving behavior. Using face-to-face or online interviews, qualitative data were collected from 30 novice drivers, with a focus on their reactions to traffic stimuli and the resulting effects on their decision-making and overall driving performance. Thematic analysis was employed to identify key themes, resulting in five main categories: "Environmental Factors," "Emotional Responses," "Driver Behavior," "Communication," and "Attitudes." The findings reveal that external stimuli such as honking and headlight flashing significantly affect novice drivers’ attention and emotional state, often leading to heightened levels of anxiety, anger, and stress. These emotional responses are closely linked to increased aggression on the road, including speeding, aggressive overtaking, and erratic lane changing. Furthermore, the study uncovered that novice drivers’ attitudes toward these stimuli evolved with experience, with less emotional reactivity observed as they gained more driving experience. However, frequent exposure to these stimuli still led to a decrease in self-confidence in some cases. The results emphasize the importance of incorporating emotional regulation and stress management strategies into driver education programs. By equipping novice drivers with the skills to manage their emotional responses, it is possible to improve road safety, reduce aggressive driving behaviors, and enhance overall driving performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

novice drivers psychological impact horn sounds headlight flashing emotional responses

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval for the research was obtained from the TOBB ETU Human Research Ethics Committee (E-27393295-100-69434).

Kaynakça

  • Al-Garawi, N., Dalhat, M., & Aga, O. (2021). Assessing the road traffic crashes among novice female drivers in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 13(15), 8613. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158613
  • Balk, S., & Tyrrell, R. A. (2011). The (in)accuracy of estimations of our own visual acuity in the presence of glare. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 55(1), 1210–1214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181311551252
  • Berdoulat, É., Vavassori, D., & Muñoz Sastre, M. T. (2013). Driving anger, emotional and instrumental aggressiveness, and impulsiveness in the prediction of aggressive and transgressive driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50, 758–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.06.029
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Castro, C., Padilla, J., Roca, J., Benítez, I., García-Fernández, P., Estévez, B., … & Crundall, D. (2014). Development and validation of the Spanish hazard perception test. Traffic Injury Prevention, 15(8), 817-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2013.879125
  • Chen, S., Shao, H., & Ji, X. (2021). Insights into factors affecting traffic accident severity of novice and experienced drivers: A machine learning approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312725
  • Day, M. R., Thompson, A. R., Poulter, D. R., Stride, C. B., & Rowe, R. (2018). Why do drivers become safer over the first three months of driving? A longitudinal qualitative study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 117, 225–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.04.007
  • Deffenbacher, J. L., Deffenbacher, D. M., Lynch, R. S., & Richards, T. L. (2003). Anger, aggression, and risky behavior: A comparison of high and low anger drivers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(6), 701–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00046-3
  • Drummond, A. E. (1989). An overview of novice driver performance issues: A literature review (Report No. 9). Monash University Accident Research Centre. https://www.monash.edu/muarc/research/reports/muarc009
  • Dula, C., & Ballard, M. (2003). Development and evaluation of a measure of dangerous, aggressive, negative emotional, and risky driving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 263-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01896.x
  • Dula, C. S., & Geller, E. S. (2003). Risky, aggressive, or emotional driving: Addressing the need for consistent communication in research. Journal of Safety Research, 34(5), 559–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2003.03.004
  • Ehsani, J., Gershon, P., Grant, B., Zhu, C., Klauer, S., Dingus, T., … & Simons-Morton, B. (2020). Learner driver experience and teenagers’ crash risk during the first year of independent driving. Jama Pediatrics, 174(6), 573. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0208
  • Ellison-Potter, P., Bell, P., & Deffenbacher, J. (2001). The effects of trait driving anger, anonymity, and aggressive stimuli on aggressive driving behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(2), 431-443. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00204.x
  • Fisher, D. L., Pollatsek, A. P., & Pradhan, A. K. (2006). Can novice drivers be trained to scan for information that will reduce their likelihood of a crash? Injury Prevention, 12(Suppl 1), i25–i29. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2006.012021
  • Harbeck, E., & Glendon, A. (2018). Driver prototypes and behavioral willingness: Young driver risk perception and reported engagement in risky driving. Journal of Safety Research, 66, 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2018.07.009
  • Jovanović, D., Stanojević, P., & Stanojević, D. (2011). Motives for, and attitudes about, driving-related anger and aggressive driving. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(6), 755-764. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.6.755
  • Kruglanski, A., Ellenberg, M., Szumowska, E., Molinario, E., Speckhard, A., Leander, N., … & Bushman, B. (2023). Frustration-aggression hypothesis reconsidered: The role of significance quest. Aggressive Behavior, 49(5), 445-468. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22092
  • Lansdown, T. C. (2002). Individual differences during driver secondary task performance: Verbal protocol and visual allocation findings. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 34(5), 655–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00065-3
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company. Lazuras, L., Rowe, R., Poulter, D. R., Powell, P. A., & Ypsilanti, A. (2019). Impulsive and self-regulatory processes in risky driving among young people: A dual process model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01170
  • Lee, J. D. (2007). Technology and teen drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 38(2), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2007.02.008
  • Malterud, K., Siersma, V., & Guassora, A. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753-1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444
  • McKnight, A. J., & McKnight, A. S. (2003). Young novice drivers: Careless or clueless? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(6), 921–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00100-8
  • Ni, J., Chen, J., Xie, W., & Shao, Y. (2024). The impacts of the traffic situation, road conditions, and driving environment on driver stress: A systematic review. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 103, 141–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.04.006
  • Pérez-Acebo, H., Ziolkowski, R., & Gonzalo-Orden, H. (2021). Evaluation of the Radar Speed Cameras and Panels Indicating the Vehicles’ Speed as Traffic Calming Measures (TCM) in Short Length Urban Areas Located along Rural Roads. Energies, 14(23), 8146. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238146
  • Rashid, A., & Ibrahim, M. (2017). Hazard perception: Does experience matter?. Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia, 1(1), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i1.6
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior. (2015, April 17). Regulation amending the Highway Traffic Regulation (Official Gazette No. 29329). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/04/20150417-3.htm
  • Rhodes, N., & Pivik, K. (2011). Age and gender differences in risky driving: The roles of positive affect and risk perception. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 923–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.015
  • Scialfa, C., Deschênes, M., Ference, J., Boone, J., Horswill, M., & Wetton, M. (2011). A hazard perception test for novice drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(1), 204-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.010
  • Smith, S., Horswill, M., Chambers, B., & Wetton, M. (2009). Hazard perception in novice and experienced drivers: The effects of sleepiness. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(4), 729-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.016
  • Takada, M., Suzuki, S., Kim, K., Shin, J., & Iwamiya, S. (2017). Driver’s vehicle horn use and its effects on other drivers and pedestrians: A case study in South Korea. Mechanical Engineering Journal, 4(2), 16–00433. https://doi.org/10.1299/mej.16-00433
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. (2024, May 23). Road traffic accident statistics, 2023 (No. 53479). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Karayolu-Trafik-Kaza-Istatistikleri-2023-53479
  • Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S., & Young, T. (2018). Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: Systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7
  • Wayne, N., & Miller, G. (2018). Impact of gender, organized athletics, and video gaming on driving skills in novice drivers. PLOS ONE, 13(1), e0190885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190885
  • World Health Organization. (2023). Global status report on road safety 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240077614
  • Wu, C., Chu, W., Zhang, H., & Özkan, T. (2018). Interactions between driving skills on aggressive driving: Study among Chinese drivers. Transportation Research Record, 2672(38), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118755683
  • Yang, L., Zhang, X., Zhu, X., Luo, Y., & Luo, Y. (2019). Research on risky driving behavior of novice drivers. Sustainability, 11(20), 5556. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205556
  • Žardeckaitė-Matulaitienė, K., Markšaitytė, R., Endriulaitienė, A., Šeibokaitė, L., & Slavinskienė, J. (2018). How did you become a driver: Differences in history of traffic offenses and accident involvement?. Transactions on Transport Sciences, 9(2), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.5507/tots.2018.008
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Trafik Psikolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Yiğit Kocabaş 0009-0001-4449-1599

Güney Güzelgün 0009-0008-2882-1333

Sude Bingöl 0009-0009-6709-2898

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 21 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kocabaş, Y., Güzelgün, G., & Bingöl, S. (2025). Psychological Impact of Horn Sounds and Headlight Flashing on Novice Drivers During Driving. Trafik Ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 32-46. https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1663398
 Kapak Resmi İndir

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/