Optimizing Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Cultivation: Role of Rhizobium Inoculation and Phosphorus Fertilization on Growth, Nodulation, and Yield Attributes
Öz
Rhizobium inoculation and phosphorus fertilization play a crucial role in enhancing the growth, nodulation, and yield attributes of fenugreek by improving nitrogen fixation. Aim of the study is to explain co-application of Rhizobium and phosphorus treatment on the agronomic performance of fenugreek under rainfed conditions. Study was conducted in a split-plot randomized complete block design with four replications, where Rhizobium inoculation served as the main factor, and phosphorus doses as subplots. The results showed that Rhizobium inoculation significantly increased seed yield per plant and seed yield by 52.4%, biological yield by 22.3% and seed yield by 20%, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of biological nitrogen fixation. 60 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ fertilization caused the highest plant height (22.7 cm), pod formation (15), and seed yield (135 kg da⁻¹ seed yield). Furthermore, nodule formation showed a linear increase with phosphorus application from 3.33 to 9.00. The best agronomic performance was determined in Rhizobium and 60 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ treated plants, therefore, this fertilization strategy optimally supports plant growth and productivity. According to results, it is recommended that fenugreek cultivation incorporate Rhizobium inoculation along with 60 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ to maximize yield potential. Future research should focus on the long-term effects of these treatments on soil fertility and sustainability to further refine fertilization strategies for fenugreek and other leguminous crops.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Feritilization management Legumes Nitrogen fixation Sustainable agriculture Symbiosis
Kaynakça
- 1. Acharya S, Thomas JE, Basu SK. Fenugreek, an alternative crop for semiarid regions of North America. 5th ed. Crop Sci. St. Louis: Mosby; 2010. p. 841-53.
- 2. Patel S. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): An opportunity for livelihood security of farmers. Med Plants. 2016;8(4):243-50.
- 3. [Internet] Çemen. Fizibilite Raporu ve Yatırımcı Rehberi. 2020. Available from: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/TRGM/TARYAT/Belgeler/Projeler/cemen_Fızıbılıte_Raporu_Ve_Yatırımcı_Rehberı.pdf
- 4. Mehrafarin A, Rezazadeh S, Naghdi Badi H, Noormohammadi G, Qaderi A. Bioengineering of important secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). J Med Plants Res. 2011;5(21):5131-45.
- 5. Khorshidian N, Yousefi Asli M, Arab M, Mirzaei H, Mortazavian AM. Fenugreek: Potential applications as a functional food and nutraceutical. J Funct Foods. 2016;23:112-22.
- 6. Schachtman DP, Reid RJ, Ayling SM. Phosphorus uptake by plants: From soil to cell. Plant Physiol. 1998;116(2):447-53.
- 7. Richardson AE, Barea JM, McNeill AM, Prigent-Combaret C. Acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and plant growth promotion by microorganisms. Plant Soil. 2009;321:305-39.
- 8. Kumawat S, Jinger D, Yadav G. Influence of phosphorus and zinc fertilization on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) in the semi-arid region of Rajasthan. Indian J Agron. 2022;67(3):215-22.
- 9. Nair R, Pandey SK, Jyothsna J. Growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) in response to different levels of phosphorus and biofertilizer (Rhizobium and PSB) under Kymore Plateau and Satpura hill agro-climatic zone of Madhya Pradesh. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2021;10(1):419-422.
- 10. Nahar S, Mostarin T, Khatun K, Akter A, Begum T, et al. Effect of sowing date and phosphorus on growth, seed yield and quality of fenugreek. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety. 2022;14(10):30-42.
- 11. Talaviya PL, Patel KM. Effect of phosphorus levels and cutting management on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Indian Journal of Agronomy. 2025;70(1):120-124.
- 12. Husain N, Nair R, Verma BK. Growth, yield and economics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) as influenced by inorganic fertilizers and bio-inoculant (Rhizobium, PSB and KSB). Biological Forum – An International Journal. 2022;14(2):80-83.
- 13. Lindström K, Mousavi SA. Effectiveness of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia. Microbial Biotechnology. 2020;13(6):1714-28.
- 14. Ahmad Z, Tariq RMS, Ramzan M, Bukhari MA, Raza A, et al. Biological nitrogen fixation: An analysis of intoxicating tribulations from pesticides for sustainable legume production. In: Managing Plant Productivity: Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. pp. 351-374.
- 15. Walker L, Lagunas B, Gifford ML. Determinants of host range specificity in legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:585749.
- 16. Zheng M, Zhou Z, Zhao P, Luo Y, Ye Q. Effects of human disturbance activities and environmental change factors on terrestrial nitrogen fixation. Global Change Biology. 2020;26(9):4875-91.
- 17. Peoples MB, Brockwell J, Herridge DF, Rochester IJ, Alves BJR, Urquiaga S, et al. The contributions of nitrogen-fixing crop legumes to the productivity of agricultural systems. Symbiosis. 2009;48(1-3):1-17.
- 18. De Vos B, Lettens S, Muys B, Deckers JA. Walkley-Black analysis of forest soil organic carbon: Recovery, limitations and uncertainty. In: Carter MR, Gregorich EG, editors. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. 1st ed. CRC Press; 2007. p. 221-9.
- 19. Schoenau JJ, O’Halloran IP. Sodium bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus. In: Carter MR, Gregorich EG, editors. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. 1st ed. CRC Press; 2007.
- 20. Ferrando MG, Barbazan MM, Garcia FO, Mallarino AP. Comparison of the ammonium acetate, Mehlich 3, and sodium tetraphenylboron as extractants to evaluate crop available potassium. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 2020;51(8):997-1005.
- 21. Güzel Y, Özyazıcı G. Adoption of promising fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) genotypes for yield and quality characteristics in the semiarid climate of Turkey. Atmosphere. 2021;12(9):1199.
- 22. Debela C, Tana T, Wogi L. Effect of Rhizobium inoculation, NPS fertilizer, and vermicompost on nodulation and yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) at Bako, Western Ethiopia. Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering. 2021;5(2):34-42.
- 23. Shome S, Barman A, Solaiman ZM. Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria influence the soil nutrient availability, growth, yield, and quality of soybean. Agriculture. 2022;12(8):1136.
- 24. Yadav A, Singh D, Kumar R, Sachan R. Response of different level of phosphorus, zinc and Rhizobium inoculation on growth yield attributes and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Environment and Agriculture. 2022;12(11):1954-1964.
- 25. Chtouki M, Laaziz F, Naciri R, Garré S, Nguyen F. Interactive effect of soil moisture content and phosphorus fertilizer form on chickpea growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake. Sci Rep. 2022;12:6671.
- 26. Liu G, Chen Z, Wang L, Cardoso JA, Zhu S. Improving phosphorus acquisition efficiency through modification of root growth responses to phosphate starvation in legumes. Front. Plant Sci. 2023;14:1094157.
- 27. Ceritoglu M, Erman M, Çığ F. Seed priming boosts plant growth, yield attributes, seed chemical and antioxidant composition in lentil under low-phosphorus field conditions. Int J Plant Prod. 2024;18:513-530.
- 28. Bahadur A, Chaudhry FN, Hussain M, Ahmad S. Effect of phosphorus and Rhizobium inoculation on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Pak J Bot. 2012;44(5):1715-1720.
- 29. Ceritoglu M, Erman M, Çığ F. Seed priming and phosphorus fertilization boost nutrient biofortification of lentil plants. J. Elem. 2025;30(1):151-168.
- 30. Özyazıcı MA, Açıkbaş S. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer doses on herbage and seed yield in narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.). European Journal of Science and Technology. 2019;17:1031-1036.
- 31. Erman M, Çığ F, Sönmez F, Ceritoglu M. Effect of phosphorus and molybdenum treatments on macro and micro nutrient concentrations of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) straw and seed: A field experiment. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology. 2024;14(3):1342-1352.
Çemen (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Yetiştiriciliğinin Optimize Edilmesi: Rhizobium Aşılaması ve Fosfor Gübrelemesinin Büyüme, Nodülasyon ve Verim Özellikleri Üzerindeki Rolü
Öz
Rhizobium aşılaması ve fosfor gübrelemesi, azot fiksasyonunu geliştirerek çemen otunun büyümesini, nodülasyonunu ve verim özelliklerini arttırmada önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Rhizobium ve fosfor uygulamasının yağmurla beslenen koşullar altında çemen otunun agronomik performansı üzerindeki ortak uygulamasını açıklamaktır. Çalışma, Rhizobium aşılamasının ana faktör, fosfor dozlarının ise alt faktör olarak kullanıldığı dört tekrarlı bölünmüş parsel tesadüfi tam blok tasarımında yürütülmüştür. Sonuçlar, Rhizobium aşılamasının bitki başına tohum verimini ve tohum verimini sırasıyla %52,4, biyolojik verimi %22,3 ve tohum verimini %20 oranında önemli ölçüde artırdığını ve biyolojik azot fiksasyonunun etkinliğini gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. 60 kg P₂O₅ ha-¹ gübrelemesi en yüksek bitki boyu (22,7 cm), bakla oluşumu (15) ve tohum verimine (135 kg da-¹ tohum verimi) neden olmuştur. Ayrıca, nodül oluşumu fosfor uygulaması ile 3.33'ten 9.00'a kadar doğrusal bir artış göstermiştir. En iyi agronomik performans Rhizobium ve 60 kg P₂O₅ ha-¹ uygulanan bitkilerde belirlenmiştir, bu nedenle bu gübreleme stratejisi bitki büyümesini ve verimliliğini en iyi şekilde desteklemektedir. Sonuçlara göre, verim potansiyelini en üst düzeye çıkarmak için çemen yetiştiriciliğinin Rhizobium aşılaması ile birlikte 60 kg P₂O₅ ha-¹ içermesi önerilmektedir. Gelecekteki araştırmalar, çemen için gübreleme stratejilerini daha da iyileştirmek için bu uygulamaların toprak verimliliği ve sürdürülebilirliği üzerindeki uzun vadeli etkilerine odaklanmalıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Gübreleme yönetimi Baklagiller Azot fiksasyonu Sürdürülebilir tarım Simbiyoz
Kaynakça
- 1. Acharya S, Thomas JE, Basu SK. Fenugreek, an alternative crop for semiarid regions of North America. 5th ed. Crop Sci. St. Louis: Mosby; 2010. p. 841-53.
- 2. Patel S. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): An opportunity for livelihood security of farmers. Med Plants. 2016;8(4):243-50.
- 3. [Internet] Çemen. Fizibilite Raporu ve Yatırımcı Rehberi. 2020. Available from: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/TRGM/TARYAT/Belgeler/Projeler/cemen_Fızıbılıte_Raporu_Ve_Yatırımcı_Rehberı.pdf
- 4. Mehrafarin A, Rezazadeh S, Naghdi Badi H, Noormohammadi G, Qaderi A. Bioengineering of important secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). J Med Plants Res. 2011;5(21):5131-45.
- 5. Khorshidian N, Yousefi Asli M, Arab M, Mirzaei H, Mortazavian AM. Fenugreek: Potential applications as a functional food and nutraceutical. J Funct Foods. 2016;23:112-22.
- 6. Schachtman DP, Reid RJ, Ayling SM. Phosphorus uptake by plants: From soil to cell. Plant Physiol. 1998;116(2):447-53.
- 7. Richardson AE, Barea JM, McNeill AM, Prigent-Combaret C. Acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and plant growth promotion by microorganisms. Plant Soil. 2009;321:305-39.
- 8. Kumawat S, Jinger D, Yadav G. Influence of phosphorus and zinc fertilization on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) in the semi-arid region of Rajasthan. Indian J Agron. 2022;67(3):215-22.
- 9. Nair R, Pandey SK, Jyothsna J. Growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) in response to different levels of phosphorus and biofertilizer (Rhizobium and PSB) under Kymore Plateau and Satpura hill agro-climatic zone of Madhya Pradesh. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2021;10(1):419-422.
- 10. Nahar S, Mostarin T, Khatun K, Akter A, Begum T, et al. Effect of sowing date and phosphorus on growth, seed yield and quality of fenugreek. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety. 2022;14(10):30-42.
- 11. Talaviya PL, Patel KM. Effect of phosphorus levels and cutting management on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Indian Journal of Agronomy. 2025;70(1):120-124.
- 12. Husain N, Nair R, Verma BK. Growth, yield and economics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) as influenced by inorganic fertilizers and bio-inoculant (Rhizobium, PSB and KSB). Biological Forum – An International Journal. 2022;14(2):80-83.
- 13. Lindström K, Mousavi SA. Effectiveness of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia. Microbial Biotechnology. 2020;13(6):1714-28.
- 14. Ahmad Z, Tariq RMS, Ramzan M, Bukhari MA, Raza A, et al. Biological nitrogen fixation: An analysis of intoxicating tribulations from pesticides for sustainable legume production. In: Managing Plant Productivity: Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. pp. 351-374.
- 15. Walker L, Lagunas B, Gifford ML. Determinants of host range specificity in legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:585749.
- 16. Zheng M, Zhou Z, Zhao P, Luo Y, Ye Q. Effects of human disturbance activities and environmental change factors on terrestrial nitrogen fixation. Global Change Biology. 2020;26(9):4875-91.
- 17. Peoples MB, Brockwell J, Herridge DF, Rochester IJ, Alves BJR, Urquiaga S, et al. The contributions of nitrogen-fixing crop legumes to the productivity of agricultural systems. Symbiosis. 2009;48(1-3):1-17.
- 18. De Vos B, Lettens S, Muys B, Deckers JA. Walkley-Black analysis of forest soil organic carbon: Recovery, limitations and uncertainty. In: Carter MR, Gregorich EG, editors. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. 1st ed. CRC Press; 2007. p. 221-9.
- 19. Schoenau JJ, O’Halloran IP. Sodium bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus. In: Carter MR, Gregorich EG, editors. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. 1st ed. CRC Press; 2007.
- 20. Ferrando MG, Barbazan MM, Garcia FO, Mallarino AP. Comparison of the ammonium acetate, Mehlich 3, and sodium tetraphenylboron as extractants to evaluate crop available potassium. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 2020;51(8):997-1005.
- 21. Güzel Y, Özyazıcı G. Adoption of promising fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) genotypes for yield and quality characteristics in the semiarid climate of Turkey. Atmosphere. 2021;12(9):1199.
- 22. Debela C, Tana T, Wogi L. Effect of Rhizobium inoculation, NPS fertilizer, and vermicompost on nodulation and yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) at Bako, Western Ethiopia. Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering. 2021;5(2):34-42.
- 23. Shome S, Barman A, Solaiman ZM. Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria influence the soil nutrient availability, growth, yield, and quality of soybean. Agriculture. 2022;12(8):1136.
- 24. Yadav A, Singh D, Kumar R, Sachan R. Response of different level of phosphorus, zinc and Rhizobium inoculation on growth yield attributes and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Environment and Agriculture. 2022;12(11):1954-1964.
- 25. Chtouki M, Laaziz F, Naciri R, Garré S, Nguyen F. Interactive effect of soil moisture content and phosphorus fertilizer form on chickpea growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake. Sci Rep. 2022;12:6671.
- 26. Liu G, Chen Z, Wang L, Cardoso JA, Zhu S. Improving phosphorus acquisition efficiency through modification of root growth responses to phosphate starvation in legumes. Front. Plant Sci. 2023;14:1094157.
- 27. Ceritoglu M, Erman M, Çığ F. Seed priming boosts plant growth, yield attributes, seed chemical and antioxidant composition in lentil under low-phosphorus field conditions. Int J Plant Prod. 2024;18:513-530.
- 28. Bahadur A, Chaudhry FN, Hussain M, Ahmad S. Effect of phosphorus and Rhizobium inoculation on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Pak J Bot. 2012;44(5):1715-1720.
- 29. Ceritoglu M, Erman M, Çığ F. Seed priming and phosphorus fertilization boost nutrient biofortification of lentil plants. J. Elem. 2025;30(1):151-168.
- 30. Özyazıcı MA, Açıkbaş S. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer doses on herbage and seed yield in narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.). European Journal of Science and Technology. 2019;17:1031-1036.
- 31. Erman M, Çığ F, Sönmez F, Ceritoglu M. Effect of phosphorus and molybdenum treatments on macro and micro nutrient concentrations of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) straw and seed: A field experiment. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology. 2024;14(3):1342-1352.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Agronomi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 21 Mart 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 21 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 |
