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Social Media Manipulation in the Post-Truth Era: The Saudi Twitter Campaign to Boycott Turkish Products

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 47, 128 - 151, 23.06.2025

İsmail Sarı , Hala Mulki

https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1551120

Öz

Social media platforms such as Twitter (X) and Facebook were extensively used by activists during the Arab Uprisings that began in Tunisia on December 17, 2010, and spread to Egypt, Bahrain, Yemen, Libya, and Syria, and were heralded during this period as “liberation technologies”. However, it is now broadly acknowledged that social media has become an effective tool for information control in the hands of authoritarian regimes. In this context, the study examines social media manipulation in the post-truth era by analyzing the Twitter boycott campaign launched by Saudi Arabia against Turkish products between October 3 and 16, 2020. While there is extensive literature on the social media operations of major powers such as the United States, Russia, and China, research on similar activities conducted by Middle Eastern countries remains limited. From this perspective, the study aims to contribute to the literature on social media operations in the Middle East. Furthermore, the boycott campaign provides an empirical example of how social media is strategically used for narrative control and perception management in international relations. The research was conducted using the Opinion Analysis Model that combines Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, and the findings were visualized through Gephi. The results demonstrate that the boycott of Turkish products in Saudi Arabia went beyond being a mere economic reaction and reveal that anti-Turkish political discourse was systematically disseminated to large audiences through nationalist emotional content and misleading information.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social Media Boycott Machine Learning Türkiye Saudi Arabia

Kaynakça

  • Abrahams, A. (2019). Regional authoritarians target the twittersphere. The Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP), 293(3), 43–46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48795843
  • Abrahams, M., & Leber, A. (2020). Social Media Manipulation in the MENA: Inauthenticity, Inequality, and Insecurity. The Project on Middle East Political Science, 48(8), 48-55. https://pomeps.org/social-media-manipulation-in-the-mena-inauthenticity-inequality-and-insecurity
  • Al-Ajlan, A. [@ajlnalajlan]. (2020, October 14). #Boycott_Turkish_Products [Post]. X. https://x.com/ajlnalajlan/status/1316286839129616384
  • Al-Ajlan, A. [@ajlnalajlan]. (2020, October 3). #Boycott_Turkish_Products [Post]. X. https://x.com/ajlnalajlan/status/1312142156513964033
  • Al Sharif, M. (2019). Disinformation tactics and state control: Saudi Arabia’s strategic manipulation of social media. Middle East Journal of Communication, 14(2), 234–255. https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0118
  • Albert, C. D., Yang, Y., Melhem, A., & Rutland, J. (2023). Twitter propaganda operations: Analyzing sociopolitical issues in Saudi Arabia. Social Media + Society, 9(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231216964
  • Albert, J., Jones, M., Smith, T., & Wang, Y. (2023). The role of bots and automated accounts in social media manipulation. Journal of Communication, 55(2), 145–162.
  • Altunışık, M. (2020). Turkey’s relations with Saudi Arabia and Egypt: From hopes of cooperation to the reality of conflict. In G. Tol & D. Dumke (Eds.), Aspiring powers, regional rivals: Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the new Middle East (pp. 17–37). University of Central Florida Press. https://www.mei.edu/sites/default/files/2019-12/Aspiring Powers, Regional Rivals_Dec. 13, 2019.pdf
  • Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain. (2022, December 13). السعودية تصعّد في استخدام قانون مكافحة الإرهاب لقمع حرية الرأي والتعبير [Saudi Arabia has intensified its use of the counterterrorism law to suppress freedom of opinion and expression]. https://www.adhrb.org/ar/?p=9004
  • Arif, A. Q., & Alsumait, L. (2018, October 3–5). Twitter as a platform for information operations: Political manipulation and media influence [Conference presentation]. International Conference on Social Media and Political Communication, London, United Kingdom.
  • Badawy, R. L. (2018). Are all impostors created equal? Exploring gender differences in the impostor phenomenon-performance link. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(9), 519–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.044
  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Bin Musa'ad, A. [@abdulrahman]. (2020, October 9). #Boycott_Turkish_Products [Post]. X. https://x.com/abdulrahman/status/1314373185702375424
  • Calderelli, G., & Nicola, D. (2020). The role of bot squads in the political propaganda on Twitter. Communications Physics, 3(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1905.12687
  • Castells, M. (2009). The rise of the network society. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444319514
  • Celik, S. (2019). Dünyadaki çatışmaların sosyal ağ analizi yöntemiyle incelenmesi [Examining global conflicts through social network analysis]. Marmara Üniversitesi Öneri Dergisi, 14(52), 236–254. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.594947
  • Cengiz, S. (2020). Turkish-Saudi relations: Cooperation and competition in the Middle East. Gerlach Press.
  • Chen, A. (2015, June 2). The agency. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/magazine/the-agency.html
  • Diamond, L., & Plattner, M. F. (2012). Liberation technology social media and the struggle for democracy. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • DiResta, R., Grossman, S., & Nimmo, B. (2019). The rise of social media influence campaigns in the Middle East. Cyber Security Review, 21(1), 45–59. https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/publication/middle-east-influence-operations-observations-across-social-media-takedowns
  • Duncombe, C. (2017). Twitter and transformative diplomacy: Social media and Iran–US relations. International Affairs, 93(3), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix048
  • Forelle, M. H.-H. (2015, July 15). Political bots and the manipulation of public opinion in Venezuela. SSRN Support Center. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2635800
  • Greenberg, N. (2019, April 10). Russia opens digital interference front in Libya. Middle East Report Online. https://merip.org/2019/10/russia-opens-digital-interference-front-in-libya/
  • Grossman, S. D. (2020). Inside Saudi Arabia’s disinformation campaign. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2019/08/10/750086287/inside-saudi-arabias-disinformation-campaign
  • Guardian, T. (2009, December 20). Twitter blocks accounts linked to Saudi 'state-backed' manipulation effort. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/dec/20/twitter-blocks-accounts-saudi-arabia-manipulation-effort
  • Henning, E., & Kohl, D. (2011). Social media and social influence: Exploring digital networks in contemporary society. Routledge.
  • İnat, K., & Duran, B. (2023). Turkish foreign policy in the face of regional and global challenges. Insight Turkey, 25(2), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2023252.6
  • Jabbour, J. (2022, Feb 02). After parting ways: The coming frosty entente in Saudi-Turkish relations. Arab Center Washington DC. https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/after-parting-ways-the-coming-frosty-entente-in-saudi-turkish-relations/
  • Jamal, A., Esposito, J. L., Tessler, M., & Shikaki, K. (2015). The Middle East partnership initiative: Strategic partners and challenges. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 47(3), 523–547.
  • Jamal, A., Ramlan, W. K., Karim, M. R., & Osman, Z. (2015). The effects of social influence and financial literacy on savings behavior: A study on students of higher learning institutions in Kota Kinabalu. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(11), 110–119.
  • Jones, M. O. (2016). Industrial-scale propaganda in the Persian gulf. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/middle-east/2016/03/28/472837303/automated-sectarianism-and-pro-saudi-propaganda-on-twitter
  • Jones, M. O. (2017, January 19). Automated sectarianism and pro-Saudi propaganda on Twitter. Exposing the Invisible. https://exposingtheinvisible.org/en/articles/automated-sectarianism/
  • Jones, M. O. (2019). The gulf information war| Propaganda, fake news, and fake trends: The weaponization of Twitter bots in the gulf crisis. International Journal of Communication, 1(13), 1389–1415. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/8994
  • JSC. (2021). عن واقع الحريات الاعلامية وحرية الرأي والتعبير في السعودية والبحرين في العام 2021 [On the state of media freedoms and freedom of opinion and expression in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain in 2021]. لجنة دعم الصحفيين [Committee to Support Journalists]. https://journalistsupport.net/article.php?id=378681
  • Kießling, C., & al., E. (2020). State propaganda on Twitter. Journal of International Communication,120(2), 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39627-5_14
  • Leber, A., & Abrahams, A. (2019). A storm of tweets: Social media manipulation during the Gulf crisis. Review of Middle East Studies, 53(2), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2019.45
  • Mair, D. (2016). Westgate: A case study: How al-Shabaab used Twitter during an ongoing attack. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40(1), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157404
  • McDermott, R. (2019). Psychological underpinnings of post-truth in political beliefs. PS: Political Science & Politics, 1(5), 218–222. https://doi.org/10.1017/s104909651800207x
  • Menguaslan, H., & Çelik, S. (2023). What does “big data” tell? A network analysis approach to the Justice and Development Party’s role performance in the Middle East between 2015 and 2020. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 9(1), 48–72. https://doi.org/10.47305/jlia2391048m
  • Mulki, H., & Gökhan, E. (2020, August 27). The UAE-Israel normalization: Political and social implications. ORSAM. https://orsam.org.tr/en/the-uae-israel-normalization-political-andsocial-implications/
  • Nip, J. Y., & Sun, T. (2018). China’s news media tweeting, competing with US sources, communication and culture, 13(1), 98–122. https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.292
  • Oxford University Press. (2016). Oxford English Dictionary. In OED online. Retrieved May 30, 2024, from https://www.oed.com/
  • Pan, J., & Siegel, A. (2020). How authoritarian regimes shape public opinion through social media. American Journal of Political Science, 64(1), 147–161.
  • Pfeiffer, S. (2019). Inside Saudi Arabia’s disinformation campaign. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/middle-east/2019/06/10/731618143/inside-saudi-arabias-disinformation-campaign
  • Pierri, F., Luceri, L., Jindal, N., & Ferrara, E. (2023, April 30-May1). Propaganda and misinformation on Facebook and Twitter during the Russian invasion of Ukraine [Conference presentation]. 15th ACM Web Science Conference 2023 (WebSci ’23), Austin, TX, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3578503.3583597
  • Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 11(4), 50–85. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26271634?seq=1
  • Rashad, M. (2020, October 4). Saudi business leader calls for boycott of goods from 'hostile' Turkey. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/business/saudi-business-leader-calls-for- boycott-of-goods-from-hostile-turkey-idUSKBN26P0SK/
  • Ritzen, Y. (2019, July 19). How armies of fake accounts “ruined” Twitter in the Middle East. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/armies-fake-accounts-ruined-twitter-middle-east- 190715165620214.html
  • Sarı, İ. (2023). 2000'li yıllarda Türkiye-İran ilişkileri [Turkey-Iran relations in the 2000s]. In R. Erdağ (Ed.), 21'inci yüzyılda Türkiye'nin dış politikası (pp.135–152). Kadim Yayınları.
  • Singer, P. W., & Brooking, E. T. (2018). Likewar: The weaponization of social media. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Skey, M., & Antonsich, M. (2017). Everyday nationhood: Theorising culture, identity and belonging after banal nationalism. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Tesich, S. (1992). A government of lies. Nation. https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+government+of+lies.-a011665982 Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815478
  • Woolley, S. C. (2016). Automating power: Social bot interference in global politics. First Monday, 21(4), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i4.6161
  • Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (2017). Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media. Oxford University Press.

Hakikat Sonrası Dönemde Sosyal Medya Manipülasyonu: Suudi Twitter'ın Türk Ürünlerini Boykot Kampanyası

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 47, 128 - 151, 23.06.2025

İsmail Sarı , Hala Mulki

https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1551120

Öz

Twitter (X) ve Facebook gibi sosyal medya platformları, 17 Aralık 2010’da Tunus’ta başlayıp Mısır, Bahreyn, Yemen, Libya ve Suriye’ye yayılan Arap Halk Ayaklanmaları sırasında aktivistler tarafından yoğun biçimde kullanılmış ve bu dönemde “özgürleştirici teknolojiler” olarak müjdelenmiştir. Ancak günümüzde sosyal medyanın, otoriter rejimler tarafından bilgi kontrolü amacıyla etkili bir araca dönüştüğü yaygın biçimde kabul edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma post-truth (post-gerçeklik) çağında sosyal medya manipülasyonunu, Suudi Arabistan’ın 3–16 Ekim 2020 tarihleri arasında Türk ürünlerine karşı başlattığı Twitter boykot kampanyası üzerinden incelemektedir. ABD, Rusya ve Çin gibi büyük güçlerin sosyal medya operasyonlarına ilişkin kapsamlı bir literatür bulunmasına rağmen, Ortadoğu ülkelerinin benzer faaliyetlerine dair araştırmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu açıdan çalışma, Ortadoğu’daki sosyal medya operasyonlarına yönelik literatüre katkı sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Ayrıca söz konusu boykot kampanyası, sosyal medyanın uluslararası ilişkilerde algı yönetimi ve anlatı kontrolü amacıyla nasıl stratejik biçimde kullanıldığına dair ampirik bir örnek oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma, Makine Öğrenimi (ML) ve Doğal Dil İşleme (NLP) tekniklerini birleştiren Görüş Analizi Modeli ile yürütülmüş; elde edilen bulgular Gephi ile görselleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, Suudi Arabistan’daki Türk ürünlerine yönelik boykotun yalnızca ekonomik bir tepki olmanın ötesine geçtiğini; Türkiye karşıtı politik söylemin, milliyetçi duygulara hitap eden içerikler ve yanıltıcı bilgiler yoluyla geniş kitlelere sistematik biçimde yayıldığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal Medya Boykot Makine Öğrenimi Türkiye Suudi Arabistan

Kaynakça

  • Abrahams, A. (2019). Regional authoritarians target the twittersphere. The Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP), 293(3), 43–46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48795843
  • Abrahams, M., & Leber, A. (2020). Social Media Manipulation in the MENA: Inauthenticity, Inequality, and Insecurity. The Project on Middle East Political Science, 48(8), 48-55. https://pomeps.org/social-media-manipulation-in-the-mena-inauthenticity-inequality-and-insecurity
  • Al-Ajlan, A. [@ajlnalajlan]. (2020, October 14). #Boycott_Turkish_Products [Post]. X. https://x.com/ajlnalajlan/status/1316286839129616384
  • Al-Ajlan, A. [@ajlnalajlan]. (2020, October 3). #Boycott_Turkish_Products [Post]. X. https://x.com/ajlnalajlan/status/1312142156513964033
  • Al Sharif, M. (2019). Disinformation tactics and state control: Saudi Arabia’s strategic manipulation of social media. Middle East Journal of Communication, 14(2), 234–255. https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0118
  • Albert, C. D., Yang, Y., Melhem, A., & Rutland, J. (2023). Twitter propaganda operations: Analyzing sociopolitical issues in Saudi Arabia. Social Media + Society, 9(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231216964
  • Albert, J., Jones, M., Smith, T., & Wang, Y. (2023). The role of bots and automated accounts in social media manipulation. Journal of Communication, 55(2), 145–162.
  • Altunışık, M. (2020). Turkey’s relations with Saudi Arabia and Egypt: From hopes of cooperation to the reality of conflict. In G. Tol & D. Dumke (Eds.), Aspiring powers, regional rivals: Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the new Middle East (pp. 17–37). University of Central Florida Press. https://www.mei.edu/sites/default/files/2019-12/Aspiring Powers, Regional Rivals_Dec. 13, 2019.pdf
  • Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain. (2022, December 13). السعودية تصعّد في استخدام قانون مكافحة الإرهاب لقمع حرية الرأي والتعبير [Saudi Arabia has intensified its use of the counterterrorism law to suppress freedom of opinion and expression]. https://www.adhrb.org/ar/?p=9004
  • Arif, A. Q., & Alsumait, L. (2018, October 3–5). Twitter as a platform for information operations: Political manipulation and media influence [Conference presentation]. International Conference on Social Media and Political Communication, London, United Kingdom.
  • Badawy, R. L. (2018). Are all impostors created equal? Exploring gender differences in the impostor phenomenon-performance link. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(9), 519–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.044
  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Bin Musa'ad, A. [@abdulrahman]. (2020, October 9). #Boycott_Turkish_Products [Post]. X. https://x.com/abdulrahman/status/1314373185702375424
  • Calderelli, G., & Nicola, D. (2020). The role of bot squads in the political propaganda on Twitter. Communications Physics, 3(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1905.12687
  • Castells, M. (2009). The rise of the network society. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444319514
  • Celik, S. (2019). Dünyadaki çatışmaların sosyal ağ analizi yöntemiyle incelenmesi [Examining global conflicts through social network analysis]. Marmara Üniversitesi Öneri Dergisi, 14(52), 236–254. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.594947
  • Cengiz, S. (2020). Turkish-Saudi relations: Cooperation and competition in the Middle East. Gerlach Press.
  • Chen, A. (2015, June 2). The agency. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/magazine/the-agency.html
  • Diamond, L., & Plattner, M. F. (2012). Liberation technology social media and the struggle for democracy. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • DiResta, R., Grossman, S., & Nimmo, B. (2019). The rise of social media influence campaigns in the Middle East. Cyber Security Review, 21(1), 45–59. https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/publication/middle-east-influence-operations-observations-across-social-media-takedowns
  • Duncombe, C. (2017). Twitter and transformative diplomacy: Social media and Iran–US relations. International Affairs, 93(3), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix048
  • Forelle, M. H.-H. (2015, July 15). Political bots and the manipulation of public opinion in Venezuela. SSRN Support Center. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2635800
  • Greenberg, N. (2019, April 10). Russia opens digital interference front in Libya. Middle East Report Online. https://merip.org/2019/10/russia-opens-digital-interference-front-in-libya/
  • Grossman, S. D. (2020). Inside Saudi Arabia’s disinformation campaign. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2019/08/10/750086287/inside-saudi-arabias-disinformation-campaign
  • Guardian, T. (2009, December 20). Twitter blocks accounts linked to Saudi 'state-backed' manipulation effort. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/dec/20/twitter-blocks-accounts-saudi-arabia-manipulation-effort
  • Henning, E., & Kohl, D. (2011). Social media and social influence: Exploring digital networks in contemporary society. Routledge.
  • İnat, K., & Duran, B. (2023). Turkish foreign policy in the face of regional and global challenges. Insight Turkey, 25(2), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2023252.6
  • Jabbour, J. (2022, Feb 02). After parting ways: The coming frosty entente in Saudi-Turkish relations. Arab Center Washington DC. https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/after-parting-ways-the-coming-frosty-entente-in-saudi-turkish-relations/
  • Jamal, A., Esposito, J. L., Tessler, M., & Shikaki, K. (2015). The Middle East partnership initiative: Strategic partners and challenges. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 47(3), 523–547.
  • Jamal, A., Ramlan, W. K., Karim, M. R., & Osman, Z. (2015). The effects of social influence and financial literacy on savings behavior: A study on students of higher learning institutions in Kota Kinabalu. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(11), 110–119.
  • Jones, M. O. (2016). Industrial-scale propaganda in the Persian gulf. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/middle-east/2016/03/28/472837303/automated-sectarianism-and-pro-saudi-propaganda-on-twitter
  • Jones, M. O. (2017, January 19). Automated sectarianism and pro-Saudi propaganda on Twitter. Exposing the Invisible. https://exposingtheinvisible.org/en/articles/automated-sectarianism/
  • Jones, M. O. (2019). The gulf information war| Propaganda, fake news, and fake trends: The weaponization of Twitter bots in the gulf crisis. International Journal of Communication, 1(13), 1389–1415. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/8994
  • JSC. (2021). عن واقع الحريات الاعلامية وحرية الرأي والتعبير في السعودية والبحرين في العام 2021 [On the state of media freedoms and freedom of opinion and expression in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain in 2021]. لجنة دعم الصحفيين [Committee to Support Journalists]. https://journalistsupport.net/article.php?id=378681
  • Kießling, C., & al., E. (2020). State propaganda on Twitter. Journal of International Communication,120(2), 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39627-5_14
  • Leber, A., & Abrahams, A. (2019). A storm of tweets: Social media manipulation during the Gulf crisis. Review of Middle East Studies, 53(2), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1017/rms.2019.45
  • Mair, D. (2016). Westgate: A case study: How al-Shabaab used Twitter during an ongoing attack. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40(1), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157404
  • McDermott, R. (2019). Psychological underpinnings of post-truth in political beliefs. PS: Political Science & Politics, 1(5), 218–222. https://doi.org/10.1017/s104909651800207x
  • Menguaslan, H., & Çelik, S. (2023). What does “big data” tell? A network analysis approach to the Justice and Development Party’s role performance in the Middle East between 2015 and 2020. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 9(1), 48–72. https://doi.org/10.47305/jlia2391048m
  • Mulki, H., & Gökhan, E. (2020, August 27). The UAE-Israel normalization: Political and social implications. ORSAM. https://orsam.org.tr/en/the-uae-israel-normalization-political-andsocial-implications/
  • Nip, J. Y., & Sun, T. (2018). China’s news media tweeting, competing with US sources, communication and culture, 13(1), 98–122. https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.292
  • Oxford University Press. (2016). Oxford English Dictionary. In OED online. Retrieved May 30, 2024, from https://www.oed.com/
  • Pan, J., & Siegel, A. (2020). How authoritarian regimes shape public opinion through social media. American Journal of Political Science, 64(1), 147–161.
  • Pfeiffer, S. (2019). Inside Saudi Arabia’s disinformation campaign. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/middle-east/2019/06/10/731618143/inside-saudi-arabias-disinformation-campaign
  • Pierri, F., Luceri, L., Jindal, N., & Ferrara, E. (2023, April 30-May1). Propaganda and misinformation on Facebook and Twitter during the Russian invasion of Ukraine [Conference presentation]. 15th ACM Web Science Conference 2023 (WebSci ’23), Austin, TX, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3578503.3583597
  • Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 11(4), 50–85. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26271634?seq=1
  • Rashad, M. (2020, October 4). Saudi business leader calls for boycott of goods from 'hostile' Turkey. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/business/saudi-business-leader-calls-for- boycott-of-goods-from-hostile-turkey-idUSKBN26P0SK/
  • Ritzen, Y. (2019, July 19). How armies of fake accounts “ruined” Twitter in the Middle East. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/armies-fake-accounts-ruined-twitter-middle-east- 190715165620214.html
  • Sarı, İ. (2023). 2000'li yıllarda Türkiye-İran ilişkileri [Turkey-Iran relations in the 2000s]. In R. Erdağ (Ed.), 21'inci yüzyılda Türkiye'nin dış politikası (pp.135–152). Kadim Yayınları.
  • Singer, P. W., & Brooking, E. T. (2018). Likewar: The weaponization of social media. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Skey, M., & Antonsich, M. (2017). Everyday nationhood: Theorising culture, identity and belonging after banal nationalism. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Tesich, S. (1992). A government of lies. Nation. https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+government+of+lies.-a011665982 Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815478
  • Woolley, S. C. (2016). Automating power: Social bot interference in global politics. First Monday, 21(4), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i4.6161
  • Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (2017). Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media. Oxford University Press.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyal Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İsmail Sarı 0000-0003-2623-2494

Hala Mulki 0000-0002-7608-2765

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 22 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarı, İ., & Mulki, H. (2025). Social Media Manipulation in the Post-Truth Era: The Saudi Twitter Campaign to Boycott Turkish Products. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi(47), 128-151. https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1551120

Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi'nde yayımlanan tüm makaleler Creative Commons Atıf-Gayri Ticari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.