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Applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Endodontics - Traditional Review

Yıl 2025, , 50 - 58, 24.04.2025

İpek Eraslan Akyüz

https://doi.org/10.58711/turkishjdentres.vi.1574096

Öz

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a threedimensional imaging method that helps in endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. There are different opinions about when and under what conditions this radiographic method should be preferred. CBCT can be a valuable diagnostic and treatment-planning tool in endodontics. It is often used in endodontic applications such as evaluating complex root canal morphologies, detecting root resorption, instrument fractures, perforations, root fractures, cracks, and autotransplantation. Additionally, CBCT allows precise evaluation of the size and location of the periradicular lesion, pathological formations, bone thickness, and the proximity of the mental and mandibular nerves to adjacent anatomical structures such as the sinus, nasal cavities,
and adjacent roots. Preoperative CBCT evaluation before surgical procedures overcomes many of its traditional limitations. However, the relatively higher radiation exposure of CBCT compared to periapical radiographs and the associated risks should be considered. It is crucial to understand the clinical scenarios in which CBCT may change the diagnostic or treatment approach and the situations in which it will be limited compared to routine testing. This review article aims to establish evidencebased
guidelines for applying this radiographic method by reviewing the literature on the effectiveness of CBCT
used for endodontic purposes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Radiography Diagnosis Treatment

Proje Numarası

01

Kaynakça

  • 1. Endodontology ESo. Quality guidelines for endodontic treatment: consensus report of the European Society of Endodontology. Int Endod J. 2006;39(12):921-30.
  • 2. Setzer FC, Hinckley N, Kohli MR, et al. A survey of cone-beam computed tomographic use among endodontic practitioners in the United States. J Endod. 2017;43(5):699- 704.
  • 3. Chogle S, Zuaitar M, Sarkis R, et al. The recommendation of cone-beam computed tomography and its effect on endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. J Endod. 2020;46(2):162-8.
  • 4. Kanagasingam S, Lim C, Yong C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography in detecting apical periodontitis using histopathological findings as a reference standard. Int Endod J. 2017;50(5):417-26.
  • 5. Patel S, Bhuva B, Bose R. Vertical root fractures in root treated teeth—current status and future trends. Int Endod J. 2022;10.
  • 6. Schulze R, Heil U, Groβ D, et al. Artefacts in CBCT: a review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2011;40(5):265-73.
  • 7. ESE. European Society of Endodontology position statement: Use of cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics: European Society of Endodontology (ESE). Int Endod J. 2019;52:1675-8.
  • 8. White SC, Scarfe WC, Schulze RK, et al. The Image Gently in Dentistry campaign: promotion of responsible use of maxillofacial radiology in dentistry for children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2014, 118 (3), 257-61.
  • 9. Pauwels R, Beinsberger J, Collaert B, et al. Effective dose range for dental cone beam computed tomography scanners. Eur J Radiol. 2012, 81 (2), 267-71.
  • 10. Oenning AC, Jacobs R, Pauwels R, et al. Cone-beam CT in paediatric dentistry: DIMITRA project position statement. Pediatr Radiol. 2018, 48, 308-16.
  • 11. Bornstein M, Scarfe WC, Vaughn VM, et al. Cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: a systematic review focusing on guidelines, indications, and radiation dose risks. Int J Implant Dent. 2014, 29.
  • 12. Harris D, Horner K, Gröndahl K, et al. EAO guidelines for the use of diagnostic imaging in implant dentistry 2011. A consensus workshop organized by the European Association for Osseointegration at the Medical University of Warsaw. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012, 23 (11), 1243- 1253.
  • 13. Qu X, Li G, Zhang Z, et al. Thyroid shields for radiation dose reduction during cone beam computed tomography scanning for different oral and maxillofacial regions. Eur J Radiol. 2012, 81 (3), e376-e380.
  • 14. McCollough CH, Schueler BA, Atwell TD, et al. Radiation exposure and pregnancy: when should we be concerned? Radiographics. 2007, 27 (4), 909-17.
  • 15. Kelaranta A, Ekholm M, Toroi P, et al. Radiation exposure to foetus and breasts from dental X-ray examinations: effect of lead shields. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2016, 45 (1), 20150095.
  • 16. Marcu M, Hedesiu M, Salmon B, et al. Estimation of the radiation dose for pediatric CBCT indications: a prospective study on ProMax3D. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018, 28 (3), 300- 309.
  • 17. Hidalgo Rivas JA, Horner K, Thiruvenkatachari B, et al. Development of a low-dose protocol for cone beam CT examinations of the anterior maxilla in children. Br J Radiol. 2015, 88 (1054), 20150559.
  • 18. Costa F, Pacheco‐Yanes J, Siqueira Jr J, et al. Association between missed canals and apical periodontitis. Int Endod J. 2019;52(4):400-6.
  • 19. AAE A. Special committee to revise the joint AAE and AAOMR position statement on use of CBCT in Endodontics. AAE and AAOMR Joint Position Statement: use of cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics 2015 update. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2015;120:508-5.
  • 20. Ordinola‐Zapata R, Bramante CM, Versiani MA, et al. Comparative accuracy of the Clearing Technique, CBCT and Micro‐CT methods in studying the mesial root canal configuration of mandibular first molars. Int Endod J. 2017;50(1):90-6.
  • 21. Studebaker B, Hollender L, Mancl L, et al. The incidence of second mesiobuccal canals located in maxillary molars with the aid of cone-beam computed tomography. J Endod. 2018;44(4):565-70.
  • 22. Çimen T, Düzgün S, Akyüz İE, et al. The effect of cone beam computerized tomography voxel size and the presence of root filling on the assessment of middle mesial canals in mandibular molar teeth. Clin Oral Investig. 2024;28(7):394.
  • 23. Chan F, Brown L, Parashos P. CBCT in contemporary endodontics. Aust Dent J. 2023;68:S39-S55.
  • 24. RUD J, OMNELL KA. Root fractures due to corrosion diagnostic aspects. Eur J Pharm Sci. 1970;78(1‐4):397-403.
  • 25. Seo D-G, Yi Y-A, Shin S-J, Park J-W. Analysis of factors associated with cracked teeth. J Endod. 2012;38(3):288-92.
  • 26. Alaugaily I, Azim AA. CBCT patterns of bone loss and clinical predictors for the diagnosis of cracked teeth and teeth with vertical root fracture. J Endod. 2022;48(9):1100- 6.
  • 27. Lertchirakarn V, Palamara JE, Messer HH. Patterns of vertical root fracture: factors affecting stress distribution in the root canal. J Endod. 2003;29(8):523-8.
  • 28. Dao V, Mallya SM, Markovic D, et al. Reprint of: Prevalence and Characteristics of Root Resorption Identified in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scans. J Endod. 2023;49(6):692-702.
  • 29. Patel S, Foschi F, Mannocci F, et al. External cervical resorption: a three‐dimensional classification. Int Endod J. 2018;51(2):206-14.
  • 30. Jebril A, Aljamani S, Jarad F. The surgical management of external cervical resorption: a retrospective observational study of treatment outcomes and classifications. J Endod. 2020;46(6):778-85.
  • 31. DeLuca S, Choi A, Pagni S, et al. External cervical resorption: relationships between classification, treatment, and 1-year outcome with evaluation of the Heithersay and Patel classification systems. J Endod. 2023;49(5):469-77.
  • 32. Schröder, Â. G. D.; Westphalen, F. H.; Schröder, J. C.; Fernandes, Â.; Westphalen, V. P. D., Accuracy of digital periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for diagnosis of natural and simulated external root resorption. Journal of endodontics 2018, 44 (7), 1151- 1158.
  • 33. Karabucak B, Setzer F. Criteria for the ideal treatment option for failed endodontics: surgical or nonsurgical? Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, NJ: 1995). 2007;28(6):304-10; quiz 11, 32.
  • 34. Singh N, Yadav R, Duhan J, et al. Comparative analysis of the accuracy of periapical radiography and cone‐beam computed tomography for diagnosing complex endodontic pathoses using a gold standard reference–A prospective clinical study. Int Endod J. 2021;54(9).
  • 35. Huumonen S, Ørstavik D. Radiological aspects of apical periodontitis. Endodontic topics. 2002;1(1):3-25.
  • 36. Curtis DM, VanderWeele RA, Ray JJ, et al. Cliniciancentered outcomes assessment of retreatment and endodontic microsurgery using cone-beam computed tomographic volumetric analysis. J Endod. 2018;44(8):1251-6.
  • 37. Song M, Kim SG, Lee S-J, et al. Prognostic factors of clinical outcomes in endodontic microsurgery: a prospective study. J Endod. 2013;39(12):1491-7.
  • 38. Panitvisai P, Parunnit P, Sathorn C, et al. Impact of a retained instrument on treatment outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod. 2010;36(5):775-80.
  • 39. Parashos P, Messer HH. Rotary NiTi instrument fracture and its consequences. J Endod. 2006;32(11):1031-43.
  • 40. Nevares G, Cunha RS, Zuolo ML, et al. Success rates for removing or bypassing fractured instruments: a prospective clinical study. J Endod. 2012;38(4):442-4.
  • 41. Souter NJ, Messer HH. Complications associated with fractured file removal using an ultrasonic technique. J Endod. 2005;31(6):450-2.
  • 42. Madarati AA, Hunter MJ, Dummer PM. Management of intracanal separated instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(5):569- 81.
  • 43. Wanzeler AMV, Montagner F, Vieira HT, et al. Can conebeam computed tomography change endodontists’ level of confidence in diagnosis and treatment planning? A before and after study. J Endod. 2020;46(2):283-8.
  • 44. Rodríguez G, Patel S, Durán-Sindreu F, et al. Influence of cone-beam computed tomography on endodontic retreatment strategies among general dental practitioners and endodontists. J Endod. 2017;43(9):1433-7.
  • 45. Spagnuolo G, Ametrano G, D’Antò V, et al. Microcomputed tomography analysis of mesiobuccal orifices and major apical foramen in first maxillary molars. The open dentistry journal. 2012;6:118.
  • 46. Gao Y, Shen Y, Zhou X, et al. Remaining root dentin thickness in mesiobuccal canals of maxillary first molars after attempted removal of broken instrument fragments. Aust Endod J. 2015;41(3):122-7.
  • 47. Young GR. Contemporary management of lateral root perforation diagnosed with the aid of dental computed tomography. Aust Endod J. 2007;33(3):112-8.
  • 48. Evans MD. A contemporary treatment of an iatrogenic root perforation: a case report. J Endod. 2021;47(3):520-5.
  • 49. Antony DP, Thomas T, Nivedhitha M. Two-dimensional periapical, panoramic radiography versus three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography in the detection of periapical lesion after endodontic treatment: A systematic review. Cureus. 2020;12(4).
  • 50. Nakata K, Naitoh M, Izumi M, et al. Effectiveness of dental computed tomography in diagnostic imaging of periradicular lesion of each root of a multirooted tooth: a case report. J Endod. 2006;32(6):583-7.
  • 51. Forsberg J, Halse A. Radiographic simulation of a periapieal lesion comparing the paralleling and the bisecting‐angle techniques. Int Endod J. 1994;27(3):133-8.
  • 52. Bourguignon C, Cohenca N, Lauridsen E, et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 1. Fractures and luxations. Dent Traumatol. 2020;36(4):314-30.
  • 53. Kullman L, Al Sane M. Guidelines for dental radiography immediately after a dento‐alveolar trauma, a systematic literature review. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(3):193-9.

Endodontide Koni Işınlı Bilgisayarlı Tomografi Kullanım Alanları- Geleneksel Derleme

Yıl 2025, , 50 - 58, 24.04.2025

İpek Eraslan Akyüz

https://doi.org/10.58711/turkishjdentres.vi.1574096

Öz

Koni ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (KIBT), endodontik tanı ve tedavi planlamasına yardımcı olan üç boyutlu
bir görüntüleme yöntemidir. Bu radyografik yöntemin ne zaman ve hangi koşullarda tercih edilmesi gerektiği ile ilgili farklı düşünceler bulunmaktadır. KIBT, endodontide değerli bir tanı ve tedavi planlama aracı olabilir. Genellikle karmaşık kök kanal morfolojilerinin değerlendirilmesi, kök rezorpsiyonu, alet kırıkları, perforasyonlar, kök kırığı ve çatlakların belirlenmesi ve ototransplantasyon için preoperatif değerlendirme gibi endodontik uygulamalarda kullanılır. Ayrıca KIBT, periradiküler lezyonun boyutu ve yerinin, patolojik oluşumların, kemik kalınlığının, mental ve mandibular sinirlerin sinüs, burun boşlukları ve komşu kökler gibi bitişik anatomik yapılara yakınlığının hassas bir şekilde değerlendirilmesine olanak tanır. Cerrahi işlemler öncesinde preoperatif KIBT değerlendirmesi, geleneksel sınırlamalarının çoğunun üstesinden gelir. Ancak, KIBT’nin periapikal radyografilere kıyasla nispeten yüksek radyasyon maruziyeti ve buna bağlı oluşacak riskler dikkate alınmalıdır. KIBT’nin tanı veya tedavi yaklaşımını değiştirebileceği klinik senaryoların ve rutin testlere kıyasla sınırlı kalacağı durumların anlaşılması çok önemlidir. Bu derleme makalesi, endodontik amaçla kullanılan KIBT’nin etkinliğine ilişkin literatürü inceleyerek, bu radyografik yöntemin uygulanması için kanıta dayalı yönergeler oluşturmayı amaçlar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Radyografi Tanı Tedavi

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik beyan gerekli görülmemiştir.

Proje Numarası

01

Kaynakça

  • 1. Endodontology ESo. Quality guidelines for endodontic treatment: consensus report of the European Society of Endodontology. Int Endod J. 2006;39(12):921-30.
  • 2. Setzer FC, Hinckley N, Kohli MR, et al. A survey of cone-beam computed tomographic use among endodontic practitioners in the United States. J Endod. 2017;43(5):699- 704.
  • 3. Chogle S, Zuaitar M, Sarkis R, et al. The recommendation of cone-beam computed tomography and its effect on endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. J Endod. 2020;46(2):162-8.
  • 4. Kanagasingam S, Lim C, Yong C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography in detecting apical periodontitis using histopathological findings as a reference standard. Int Endod J. 2017;50(5):417-26.
  • 5. Patel S, Bhuva B, Bose R. Vertical root fractures in root treated teeth—current status and future trends. Int Endod J. 2022;10.
  • 6. Schulze R, Heil U, Groβ D, et al. Artefacts in CBCT: a review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2011;40(5):265-73.
  • 7. ESE. European Society of Endodontology position statement: Use of cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics: European Society of Endodontology (ESE). Int Endod J. 2019;52:1675-8.
  • 8. White SC, Scarfe WC, Schulze RK, et al. The Image Gently in Dentistry campaign: promotion of responsible use of maxillofacial radiology in dentistry for children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2014, 118 (3), 257-61.
  • 9. Pauwels R, Beinsberger J, Collaert B, et al. Effective dose range for dental cone beam computed tomography scanners. Eur J Radiol. 2012, 81 (2), 267-71.
  • 10. Oenning AC, Jacobs R, Pauwels R, et al. Cone-beam CT in paediatric dentistry: DIMITRA project position statement. Pediatr Radiol. 2018, 48, 308-16.
  • 11. Bornstein M, Scarfe WC, Vaughn VM, et al. Cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: a systematic review focusing on guidelines, indications, and radiation dose risks. Int J Implant Dent. 2014, 29.
  • 12. Harris D, Horner K, Gröndahl K, et al. EAO guidelines for the use of diagnostic imaging in implant dentistry 2011. A consensus workshop organized by the European Association for Osseointegration at the Medical University of Warsaw. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012, 23 (11), 1243- 1253.
  • 13. Qu X, Li G, Zhang Z, et al. Thyroid shields for radiation dose reduction during cone beam computed tomography scanning for different oral and maxillofacial regions. Eur J Radiol. 2012, 81 (3), e376-e380.
  • 14. McCollough CH, Schueler BA, Atwell TD, et al. Radiation exposure and pregnancy: when should we be concerned? Radiographics. 2007, 27 (4), 909-17.
  • 15. Kelaranta A, Ekholm M, Toroi P, et al. Radiation exposure to foetus and breasts from dental X-ray examinations: effect of lead shields. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2016, 45 (1), 20150095.
  • 16. Marcu M, Hedesiu M, Salmon B, et al. Estimation of the radiation dose for pediatric CBCT indications: a prospective study on ProMax3D. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018, 28 (3), 300- 309.
  • 17. Hidalgo Rivas JA, Horner K, Thiruvenkatachari B, et al. Development of a low-dose protocol for cone beam CT examinations of the anterior maxilla in children. Br J Radiol. 2015, 88 (1054), 20150559.
  • 18. Costa F, Pacheco‐Yanes J, Siqueira Jr J, et al. Association between missed canals and apical periodontitis. Int Endod J. 2019;52(4):400-6.
  • 19. AAE A. Special committee to revise the joint AAE and AAOMR position statement on use of CBCT in Endodontics. AAE and AAOMR Joint Position Statement: use of cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics 2015 update. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2015;120:508-5.
  • 20. Ordinola‐Zapata R, Bramante CM, Versiani MA, et al. Comparative accuracy of the Clearing Technique, CBCT and Micro‐CT methods in studying the mesial root canal configuration of mandibular first molars. Int Endod J. 2017;50(1):90-6.
  • 21. Studebaker B, Hollender L, Mancl L, et al. The incidence of second mesiobuccal canals located in maxillary molars with the aid of cone-beam computed tomography. J Endod. 2018;44(4):565-70.
  • 22. Çimen T, Düzgün S, Akyüz İE, et al. The effect of cone beam computerized tomography voxel size and the presence of root filling on the assessment of middle mesial canals in mandibular molar teeth. Clin Oral Investig. 2024;28(7):394.
  • 23. Chan F, Brown L, Parashos P. CBCT in contemporary endodontics. Aust Dent J. 2023;68:S39-S55.
  • 24. RUD J, OMNELL KA. Root fractures due to corrosion diagnostic aspects. Eur J Pharm Sci. 1970;78(1‐4):397-403.
  • 25. Seo D-G, Yi Y-A, Shin S-J, Park J-W. Analysis of factors associated with cracked teeth. J Endod. 2012;38(3):288-92.
  • 26. Alaugaily I, Azim AA. CBCT patterns of bone loss and clinical predictors for the diagnosis of cracked teeth and teeth with vertical root fracture. J Endod. 2022;48(9):1100- 6.
  • 27. Lertchirakarn V, Palamara JE, Messer HH. Patterns of vertical root fracture: factors affecting stress distribution in the root canal. J Endod. 2003;29(8):523-8.
  • 28. Dao V, Mallya SM, Markovic D, et al. Reprint of: Prevalence and Characteristics of Root Resorption Identified in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scans. J Endod. 2023;49(6):692-702.
  • 29. Patel S, Foschi F, Mannocci F, et al. External cervical resorption: a three‐dimensional classification. Int Endod J. 2018;51(2):206-14.
  • 30. Jebril A, Aljamani S, Jarad F. The surgical management of external cervical resorption: a retrospective observational study of treatment outcomes and classifications. J Endod. 2020;46(6):778-85.
  • 31. DeLuca S, Choi A, Pagni S, et al. External cervical resorption: relationships between classification, treatment, and 1-year outcome with evaluation of the Heithersay and Patel classification systems. J Endod. 2023;49(5):469-77.
  • 32. Schröder, Â. G. D.; Westphalen, F. H.; Schröder, J. C.; Fernandes, Â.; Westphalen, V. P. D., Accuracy of digital periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for diagnosis of natural and simulated external root resorption. Journal of endodontics 2018, 44 (7), 1151- 1158.
  • 33. Karabucak B, Setzer F. Criteria for the ideal treatment option for failed endodontics: surgical or nonsurgical? Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, NJ: 1995). 2007;28(6):304-10; quiz 11, 32.
  • 34. Singh N, Yadav R, Duhan J, et al. Comparative analysis of the accuracy of periapical radiography and cone‐beam computed tomography for diagnosing complex endodontic pathoses using a gold standard reference–A prospective clinical study. Int Endod J. 2021;54(9).
  • 35. Huumonen S, Ørstavik D. Radiological aspects of apical periodontitis. Endodontic topics. 2002;1(1):3-25.
  • 36. Curtis DM, VanderWeele RA, Ray JJ, et al. Cliniciancentered outcomes assessment of retreatment and endodontic microsurgery using cone-beam computed tomographic volumetric analysis. J Endod. 2018;44(8):1251-6.
  • 37. Song M, Kim SG, Lee S-J, et al. Prognostic factors of clinical outcomes in endodontic microsurgery: a prospective study. J Endod. 2013;39(12):1491-7.
  • 38. Panitvisai P, Parunnit P, Sathorn C, et al. Impact of a retained instrument on treatment outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod. 2010;36(5):775-80.
  • 39. Parashos P, Messer HH. Rotary NiTi instrument fracture and its consequences. J Endod. 2006;32(11):1031-43.
  • 40. Nevares G, Cunha RS, Zuolo ML, et al. Success rates for removing or bypassing fractured instruments: a prospective clinical study. J Endod. 2012;38(4):442-4.
  • 41. Souter NJ, Messer HH. Complications associated with fractured file removal using an ultrasonic technique. J Endod. 2005;31(6):450-2.
  • 42. Madarati AA, Hunter MJ, Dummer PM. Management of intracanal separated instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(5):569- 81.
  • 43. Wanzeler AMV, Montagner F, Vieira HT, et al. Can conebeam computed tomography change endodontists’ level of confidence in diagnosis and treatment planning? A before and after study. J Endod. 2020;46(2):283-8.
  • 44. Rodríguez G, Patel S, Durán-Sindreu F, et al. Influence of cone-beam computed tomography on endodontic retreatment strategies among general dental practitioners and endodontists. J Endod. 2017;43(9):1433-7.
  • 45. Spagnuolo G, Ametrano G, D’Antò V, et al. Microcomputed tomography analysis of mesiobuccal orifices and major apical foramen in first maxillary molars. The open dentistry journal. 2012;6:118.
  • 46. Gao Y, Shen Y, Zhou X, et al. Remaining root dentin thickness in mesiobuccal canals of maxillary first molars after attempted removal of broken instrument fragments. Aust Endod J. 2015;41(3):122-7.
  • 47. Young GR. Contemporary management of lateral root perforation diagnosed with the aid of dental computed tomography. Aust Endod J. 2007;33(3):112-8.
  • 48. Evans MD. A contemporary treatment of an iatrogenic root perforation: a case report. J Endod. 2021;47(3):520-5.
  • 49. Antony DP, Thomas T, Nivedhitha M. Two-dimensional periapical, panoramic radiography versus three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography in the detection of periapical lesion after endodontic treatment: A systematic review. Cureus. 2020;12(4).
  • 50. Nakata K, Naitoh M, Izumi M, et al. Effectiveness of dental computed tomography in diagnostic imaging of periradicular lesion of each root of a multirooted tooth: a case report. J Endod. 2006;32(6):583-7.
  • 51. Forsberg J, Halse A. Radiographic simulation of a periapieal lesion comparing the paralleling and the bisecting‐angle techniques. Int Endod J. 1994;27(3):133-8.
  • 52. Bourguignon C, Cohenca N, Lauridsen E, et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 1. Fractures and luxations. Dent Traumatol. 2020;36(4):314-30.
  • 53. Kullman L, Al Sane M. Guidelines for dental radiography immediately after a dento‐alveolar trauma, a systematic literature review. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(3):193-9.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Endodonti
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

İpek Eraslan Akyüz 0009-0004-0963-9617

Proje Numarası 01
Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 12 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Eraslan Akyüz İ. Endodontide Koni Işınlı Bilgisayarlı Tomografi Kullanım Alanları- Geleneksel Derleme. J Turkish Dent Res. 2025;4(1):50-8.

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