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Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 25 - 36, 24.04.2025

Melike Erdem , Işıl Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.58711/turkishjdentres.vi.1360555

Öz

Büyük azı keser hipomineralizasyonu (BAKH) sıklıkla etkilenen kesici dişlerle ilişkili bir ila dört birinci
azı dişinin sistemik kaynaklı hipomineralizasyonu şekilde tanımlanmıştır. Hem çevresel hem de genetik bileşenleri içeren karmaşık bir etiyolojiye sahiptir. BAKH’ın diş hekimleri tarafından teşhis edilebilmesi ve uygun tedavi yaklaşımının bilinmesi önemlidir. Bu derlemede BAKH prevalansı, etiyolojisi, teşhis kriterleri, sınıflandırılması, ayırıcı tanısı ve tedavi yaklaşımları tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diş Minesi Hipoplazisi Etiyoloji Prevalans

Kaynakça

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  • 2. Gambetta K, Mariño R, Ghanim A, Adams GG. Validation of quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital in the quantification of demarcated hypomineralized lesions of enamel. J Investig Clin Dent. 2017; 8(4):1-9.
  • 3. Farah RA, Monk BC, Swain V, Drummond BK. Protein content of molar-incisor hypomineralisation enamel. J Dent. 2010; 38(7): 591–6.
  • 4. Mangum JE, Crombie FA, Kilpatrick N, Manton DJ, Hubbard M J. Surface integrity governs the proteome of hypomineralized enamel. J Dent Res. 2010; 89(10): 1160– 5.
  • 5. Ghanim A, Elfrink M, Weerheijm K, Mariño R, Manton D. A practical method for use in epidemiological studies on enamel hypomineralisation. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2015; 16(3): 235–46.
  • 6. Hernandez M. Do We Really Know the Prevalence of MIH?. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016; 40(4): 259-63.
  • 7. Zhao D, Dong B, Yu D. The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization: evidence from 70 studies. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018; 28(2): 170–9.
  • 8. Subramaniam P, Gupta T. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in 7-9-year-old children of Bengaluru City, India. Contemp Clin Dent. 2016; 7(1): 11-15.
  • 9. Koruyucu M, Özel S. Prevalence and etiology of molarincisor hypomineralization (MIH) in the city of Istanbul. J Dent Sci. 2018; 13(4): 318-8.
  • 10. Kılınç G, Çetin M, Köse B. Prevalence, aetiology, and treatment of molar incisor hypomineralization in children living in Izmir City (Turkey). Int J Paediatr Dent. 2019; 29(6): 775–82.
  • 11. Kuscu O, Çaglar E, Aslan S, Durmusoglu E, Karademir A, Sandalli N. The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in a group of children in a highly polluted urban region and a windfarm-green energy island. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009; 19(3): 176–85.
  • 12. Sönmez H, Yıldırım G, Bezgin T. Putative factors associated with molar incisor hypomineralisation: an epidemiological study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2013; 14(6): 375–80.
  • 13. Sara TB, Hussain AA, Majd TQ. Prevalence and risk factors of molar incisor hypomineralization in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2022; 18(4): 696-710.
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  • 15. Harz D, Katalan B, Jeremias F. Prevalence and severity of molar-incisor hypomineralization, is there an association with socioeconomic status? A cross-sectional study in Chilean schoolchildren, Eur Arch Paediatr Dent .2023; 24(5): 577-84.
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  • 17. Bandeira L, Machado V, Botelho J, Haubek D. Molarincisor hypomineralization: an umbrella review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2021; 79(5): 359–69.
  • 18. Zameer M, Birajdar SB. The ‘mysterious aetiology’ of molar incisor hypomineralisation. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2022; 23(6): 987–8.
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  • 21. Tourino PG, Corrêa-Faria P, Ferreira RC. Association between Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Schoolchildren and Both Prenatal and Postnatal Factors: A Population-Based Study. PloS One, 2016;11(6): e0156332. PMID: 27280451.
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  • 23. Nelson S, Albert JM, Lombardi G, Wishnek S, Asaad G, Kirchner HL. Dental caries and enamel defects in very low birth weight adolescents. Caries Res, 2010; 44(6): 509–18.
  • 24. Mishra A, Pandey RK. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: An Epidemiological Study with Prevalence and Etiological Factors in Indian Pediatric Population. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016; 9(2): 167–71.
  • 25. Bekes K, Mitulovic G. Saliva proteomic patterns in patients with molar incisor hypomineralization. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):7560
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  • 27. Bussaneli DG, Restrepo M. Genes Regulating Immune Response and Amelogenesis Interact in Increasing the Susceptibility to Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization. Caries Res. 2019; 53(2):217-27.
  • 28. Fabiano J, Mine K, Erica C, Merve B. Genes Expressed in Dental Enamel Development Are Associated with Molar- Incisor Hypomineralization. Arch Oral Biol. 2013; 58(10): 1434-42.
  • 29. Bezamat M, Mine K, Merve B, Ariadne L.Gene-environment İnteraction İn Molar-incisor Hypomineralization , PLoS One, 2021;16(1): e0241898. PMID: 33406080.
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Molar Incisor Hypomineralization

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 25 - 36, 24.04.2025

Melike Erdem , Işıl Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.58711/turkishjdentres.vi.1360555

Öz

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is defined as the systemic hypomineralization of one to four first
molars, often associated with the affected incisors. MIH has a complex etiology that includes both genetic
and environmental components. It is crucial for MIH to be diagnosed by dentist and it is important for
dentists to know the appropriate treatment approach. In this comprehensive study, the prevalence, etiology,
diagnostic criteria, classification, differential diagnosis and treatment approaches of MIH were examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dental Enamel Hypoplasia Etiology Prevalence

Kaynakça

  • 1. Weerheijm KL, Jälevik B, Alaluusua S. Molarcincisor hypomineralisation. Caries Res. 2001; 35(5): 390–1.
  • 2. Gambetta K, Mariño R, Ghanim A, Adams GG. Validation of quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital in the quantification of demarcated hypomineralized lesions of enamel. J Investig Clin Dent. 2017; 8(4):1-9.
  • 3. Farah RA, Monk BC, Swain V, Drummond BK. Protein content of molar-incisor hypomineralisation enamel. J Dent. 2010; 38(7): 591–6.
  • 4. Mangum JE, Crombie FA, Kilpatrick N, Manton DJ, Hubbard M J. Surface integrity governs the proteome of hypomineralized enamel. J Dent Res. 2010; 89(10): 1160– 5.
  • 5. Ghanim A, Elfrink M, Weerheijm K, Mariño R, Manton D. A practical method for use in epidemiological studies on enamel hypomineralisation. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2015; 16(3): 235–46.
  • 6. Hernandez M. Do We Really Know the Prevalence of MIH?. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016; 40(4): 259-63.
  • 7. Zhao D, Dong B, Yu D. The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization: evidence from 70 studies. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018; 28(2): 170–9.
  • 8. Subramaniam P, Gupta T. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in 7-9-year-old children of Bengaluru City, India. Contemp Clin Dent. 2016; 7(1): 11-15.
  • 9. Koruyucu M, Özel S. Prevalence and etiology of molarincisor hypomineralization (MIH) in the city of Istanbul. J Dent Sci. 2018; 13(4): 318-8.
  • 10. Kılınç G, Çetin M, Köse B. Prevalence, aetiology, and treatment of molar incisor hypomineralization in children living in Izmir City (Turkey). Int J Paediatr Dent. 2019; 29(6): 775–82.
  • 11. Kuscu O, Çaglar E, Aslan S, Durmusoglu E, Karademir A, Sandalli N. The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in a group of children in a highly polluted urban region and a windfarm-green energy island. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009; 19(3): 176–85.
  • 12. Sönmez H, Yıldırım G, Bezgin T. Putative factors associated with molar incisor hypomineralisation: an epidemiological study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2013; 14(6): 375–80.
  • 13. Sara TB, Hussain AA, Majd TQ. Prevalence and risk factors of molar incisor hypomineralization in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2022; 18(4): 696-710.
  • 14. Wuollet E, Laisi S, Salmela E, Ess A, Alaluusua S. Background factors of molar-incisor hypomineralization in a group of Finnish children. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014; 72(8): 963–9.
  • 15. Harz D, Katalan B, Jeremias F. Prevalence and severity of molar-incisor hypomineralization, is there an association with socioeconomic status? A cross-sectional study in Chilean schoolchildren, Eur Arch Paediatr Dent .2023; 24(5): 577-84.
  • 16. Garot E, Denis A, Delbos Y, Manton D, Silva M. Are hypomineralised lesions on second primary molars (HSPM) a predictive sign of molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) A systematic review and a meta-analysis. J Dent. 2018; 72: 8–13.
  • 17. Bandeira L, Machado V, Botelho J, Haubek D. Molarincisor hypomineralization: an umbrella review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2021; 79(5): 359–69.
  • 18. Zameer M, Birajdar SB. The ‘mysterious aetiology’ of molar incisor hypomineralisation. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2022; 23(6): 987–8.
  • 19. Garot E, Rouas P, Somani C, Taylor GD, Wong F, Lygidakis NA. An update of the aetiological factors involved in molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2022; 23(1): 23–38.
  • 20. Souza JF, Jeremias F, Costa-Silva CM. Aetiology of molarincisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in Brazilian children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2013; 14(4): 233–8.
  • 21. Tourino PG, Corrêa-Faria P, Ferreira RC. Association between Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Schoolchildren and Both Prenatal and Postnatal Factors: A Population-Based Study. PloS One, 2016;11(6): e0156332. PMID: 27280451.
  • 22. Ghanim A, Mariño R, Morgan M, Bailey D. An in vivo investigation of salivary properties, enamel hypomineralisation, and carious lesion severity in a group of Iraqi schoolchildren. Int J Paediatr Dent, 2013; 23(1): 2–12.
  • 23. Nelson S, Albert JM, Lombardi G, Wishnek S, Asaad G, Kirchner HL. Dental caries and enamel defects in very low birth weight adolescents. Caries Res, 2010; 44(6): 509–18.
  • 24. Mishra A, Pandey RK. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: An Epidemiological Study with Prevalence and Etiological Factors in Indian Pediatric Population. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016; 9(2): 167–71.
  • 25. Bekes K, Mitulovic G. Saliva proteomic patterns in patients with molar incisor hypomineralization. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):7560
  • 26. Jeremias F, Pierri RG, Souza JF, Fragelli CMB, Restrepo M. Family-Based Genetic Association for Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization. Caries Res. 2016; 50(3): 310–8.
  • 27. Bussaneli DG, Restrepo M. Genes Regulating Immune Response and Amelogenesis Interact in Increasing the Susceptibility to Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization. Caries Res. 2019; 53(2):217-27.
  • 28. Fabiano J, Mine K, Erica C, Merve B. Genes Expressed in Dental Enamel Development Are Associated with Molar- Incisor Hypomineralization. Arch Oral Biol. 2013; 58(10): 1434-42.
  • 29. Bezamat M, Mine K, Merve B, Ariadne L.Gene-environment İnteraction İn Molar-incisor Hypomineralization , PLoS One, 2021;16(1): e0241898. PMID: 33406080.
  • 30. Fitzpatrick L. First permanent molars with molar incisor hypomineralisation. J Ir Dent Assoc. 2007; 53(1): 32–7.
  • 31. Elfrink MEC, Ghanim A, Manton DJ, Weerheijm KL. Standardised studies on Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) and Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars (HSPM): a need. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2015; 16(3): 247–55.
  • 32. Weerheijm KL, Duggal M, Mejare I, Papagiannoulis L, Koch G, Martens LC. Judgement criteria for molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in epidemiologic studies: a summary of the European meeting on MIH held in Athens. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2003; 3(4): 110–3.
  • 33. Bekes K, Steffen R, Krämer N. Update of the molar incisor hypomineralization: Würzburg concept. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2023; 24(6): 807-13.
  • 34. Inchingolo A, Viapiano F, Ferrara A.Treatment Approaches to Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med. 2023; 2(22): 7194.
  • 35. Mathu-Muju K, Wright JT. Diagnosis and treatment of molar incisor hypomineralization, Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2006; 27(11): 604–10.
  • 36. Steffen R, Krämer N,Bekes K. The Würzburg MIH concept: the MIH treatment need index (MIH TNI): A new index to assess and plan treatment in patients with molar incisior hypomineralisation (MIH). Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2017; 18(5): 355–61
  • 37. Bekes K, Steffen R. Das Würzburger MIH-Konzept Teil 1. Der MIH-Treatment Need Index (MIH-TNI). Ein neuer Index zur Befunderhebung und Therapieplanung bei Patienten mit Molaren Inzisiven Hypomineralisation (MIH). Oralprophylaxe Kinderzahnheilkunde. 2016; 38: 165–170
  • 38. Cabral R N, Nyvad B, Soviero VLVM, Freitas E,Leal SC. Reliability and validity of a new classification of MIH based on severity. Clin Oral Investig. 2020; 24(2): 727–34.
  • 39. Denis M, Atlan A, Vennat E, Tirlet G. White defects on enamel: Diagnosis and anatomopathology: Two essential factors for proper treatment (part 1). Int Orthod. 2013;11(2): 139–65.
  • 40. Mast P, Rodrigueztapia MT, Daeniker L,Krejci I. Understanding MIH: definition, epidemiology, differential diagnosis and new treatment guidelines. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2013;14(3): 204–8.
  • 41. Bora A, Datta P, Saha R, Dutta K, Professor A. Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH): A Review. J Pharm Negat Results. 2023; 13: 4414–20.
  • 42. Lygidakis NA, Wong F, Jälevik B, Vierrou AM, Alaluusua S, Espelid, I. Best Clinical Practice Guidance for clinicians dealing with children presenting with Molar-Incisor- Hypomineralisation (MIH): An EAPD Policy Document. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent .2010; 11(2): 75–81.
  • 43. Rodd HD, Morgan CR, Day PF,Boissanade FM. Pulpal expression of TRPV1 in molar incisor hypomineralisation. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2007; 8(4): 184–8.
  • 44. Leppäniemi A, Lukinmaa PL, Alaluusua S. Nonfluoride hypomineralizations in the permanent first molars and their impact on the treatment need. Caries Res. 2001; 35(1): 36–40.
  • 45. Schwendicke F, Elhennawy K, Reda S, Bekes K, Manton D, Krois J. Global burden of molar incisor hypomineralization. J Dent. 2018; 68: 10–18.
  • 46. Somani C, Taylor GD, Garot E, Rouas P, Lygidakis NA, Wong FSL. An update of treatment modalities in children and adolescents with teeth affected by molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH): a systematic review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2022; 23(1): 39–64.
  • 47. Abbasi Z, Bahrololoom ME,Bioactive Glasses in Dentistry: A Review. J Dent Biomater, 2015;2(1), 1–9.
  • 48. Mehta AB, Kumari V, Jose R, Izadikhah V. Remineralization potential of bioactive glass and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate on initial carious lesion: An in-vitro pH-cycling study. J Conserv Dent, 2014;17(1): 3–7.
  • 49. Wang Y, Mei L, Gong L, Li J, He S, Ji Y, Sun W. Remineralization of early enamel caries lesions using different bioactive elements containing toothpastes: An in vitro study.nTechnol Health Care. 2016; 24(5): 701–11.
  • 50. Bekes K, Heinzelmann K, Lettner S, Schaller KG. Efficacy of desensitizing products containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate for hypersensitivity relief in MIHaffected molars: an 8-week clinical study. Clin Oral Investig. 2017; 21(7): 2311–17.
  • 51. Fragelli CMB, Souza JF. Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH): conservative treatment management to restore affected teeth. Braz Oral Res. 2015; 29(1): 1–7.
  • 52. Grossi JA, Cabral RN, Ribeiro APD, Leal S C. Glass hybrid restorations as an alternative for restoring hypomineralized molars in the ART model. BMC Oral Health. 2018; 18(1): 1–8.
  • 53. Wall A,Leith R. A questionnaire study on perception and clinical management of molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) by Irish dentists. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2020; 21(6): 703–10.
  • 54. Ghanim A, Silva M J, Elfrink MEC, Lygidakis NA. Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) training manual for clinical field surveys and practice. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2017; 18(4): 225–42.
  • 55. Fragelli CMB,Souza JF, Bussaneli DG, Jeremias F. Survival of sealants in molars affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization: 18-month follow-up. Braz Oral Res. 2017; 31: e30. PMID: 28489117.
  • 56. Sönmez H, Saat S. A Clinical Evaluation of Deproteinization and Different Cavity Designs on Resin Restoration Performance in MIH-Affected Molars: Two-Year Results. J Clin Pediatr Dent .2017; 41(5): 336–42.
  • 57. Krämer N, Bui Khac NHN, Lücker S, Stachniss V,Frankenberger R. Bonding strategies for MIH-affected enamel and dentin. Dent Mater. 2018; 34(2): 331–40.
  • 58. Linner T, Khazaei Y, Bücher K, Pfisterer J, Hickel R, Kühnisch J. Comparison of four different treatment strategies in teeth with molar-incisor hypomineralizationrelated enamel breakdown-A retrospective cohort study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2020; 30(5): 597–606.
  • 59. Lagarde M, Vennat E, Attal JP, Dursun E. Strategies to optimize bonding of adhesive materials to molar-incisor hypomineralization-affected enamel: A systematic review. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2020; 30(4): 405–20.
  • 60. Kaya R, Yavuz BŞE, Dokumacıgil NK, Kargül B. A Randomized Clinical Trial of Short Fiber Reinforced Composite and Glass Hybrid Restoration for Molars Affected by Molar Hypomineralization, Pediatr Dent. 2023; 45(4): 292-300.
  • 61. Chałas R, Jurczykowska M, Marczyński R, Pels E. Composite Inlays as A Modern Way of Posterior Restorations in the Dental Arch. Pol J Public Health.2014; 124(2): 99–102.
  • 62. Zagdwon AM, Fayle SA, Pollard MA. A prospective clinical trial comparing preformed metal crowns and cast restorations for defective first permanent molars. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2003; 4(3): 138–42.
  • 63. Gaardmand E, Poulsen S, Haubek D. Pilot study of minimally invasive cast adhesive copings for early restoration of hypomineralised first permanent molars with post-eruptive breakdown. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent.2013; 14(1): 35–9.
  • 64. Dhareula A, Goyal A, Gauba K, Bhatia SK, Kapur A, Bhandari S. A clinical and radiographic investigation comparing the efficacy of cast metal and indirect resin onlays in rehabilitation of permanent first molars affected with severe molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH): a 36-month randomised controlled clinical trial. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2019; 20(5): 489–500.
  • 65. William V, Messer LB, Burrow MF. Molar incisor hypomineralization: review and recommendations for clinical management. Pediatr Dent. 2006; 28(3): 224–32.
  • 66. Taylor GD, Pearce KF, Vernazza CR. Management of compromised first permanent molars in children: Cross- Sectional analysis of attitudes of UK general dental practitioners and specialists in paediatric dentistry. Int J Paediatr Dent, 2019; 29(3): 267–80.
  • 67. Koleventi A, Sakellari D, Kotsanos N. Periodontal Impact of Preformed Metal Crowns on Permanent Molars of Children and Adolescents: A Pilot Study. Pediatr Dent. 2018; 40(2): 117–21.
  • 68. Jälevik B, Klingberg G. Treatment outcomes and dental anxiety in 18-year-olds with MIH, comparisons with healthy controls – a longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2012; 22(2): 85–91.
  • 69. Ashley P, Noar J. Interceptive extractions for first permanent molars: a clinical protocol. Br Dent J. 2019; 227(3): 192–5.
  • 70. Sundfeld RH. Sundfeld-Neto D, Machado LS, Franco LM, Fagundes TC, Briso AF. Microabrasion in tooth enamel discoloration defects: three cases with long-term followups. J Appl Oral Sci, 2014; 22(4): 347–54.
  • 71. Marouane O, Nabiha D. Alternative Conservative Treatment for Enamel White Lesions: A Case Report. Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry. 2023;33(3), 48-54.
  • 72. Bhandari R, Thakur S, Singhal P, Chauhan D, Jayam C, Jain T. In vivo Comparative Evaluation of Esthetics after Microabrasion and Microabrasion followed by Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Fluoride Phosphate on Molar Incisor Hypomineralization-Affected Incisors. Contemp Clin Dent. 2019; 10(1): 9–15.
  • 73. Crombie F, Manton D, Palamara J,Reynolds E. Resin infiltration of developmentally hypomineralised enamel. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2014; 24(1): 51–5.
  • 74. Borges AB, Caneppele TMF, Masterson D, Maia LC. Is resin infiltration an effective esthetic treatment for enamel development defects and white spot lesions? A systematic review. J Dent, 2017; 56: 11–8.
  • 75. Bhandari R, Thakur S, Singhal P, Chauhan D, Jayam C, Jain T. Concealment effect of resin infiltration on incisor of Grade I molar incisor hypomineralization patients: An in vivo study. J Conserv Dent. 2018;21(4): 450–4.
  • 76. Kim Y, Son HH, Yi K, Ahn JS, Chang J. Bleaching Effects on Color, Chemical, and Mechanical Properties of White Spot Lesions. Oper Dent. 2016;41(3): 318–26.
  • 77. Griffiths F, Parekh S. Is it time to reconsider the use of vital teeth bleaching in children and adolescents in Europe?. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2021; 22(4): 759–63.
  • 78. Hasmun N, Vettore MV, Lawson JA, Elcock C, Zaitoun H, Rodd H. Determinants of children’s oral health-related quality of life following aesthetic treatment of enamel opacities. J Dent, 2020; 98: 103372. PMID: 32437856.
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çocuk Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Melike Erdem 0009-0008-8267-9390

Işıl Sönmez 0000-0002-3530-0244

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Erdem M, Sönmez I. Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu. J Turkish Dent Res. 2025;4(1):25-36.
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