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Türkiye'de Ekonomik Büyümenin Ekosistem ve Alt Bileşenleri Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Yıl 2025, , 397 - 411, 16.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1616147

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de ekonomik büyümenin ekosistem üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmektedir. Çalışmada 1995-2021 dönemi için yıllık veriler ve ARDL yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada Çevresel Performans Endeksinin alt boyutu olan Ekosistem Canlılığı endeksi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, ekonomik büyümenin ekosistemin farklı boyutları üzerindeki etkisini ayrıntılı olarak değerlendirmek için yedi model oluşturulmuştur. Sonuçlar, ekonomik büyümenin analiz edilen tüm modellerde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak bu etkinin yönü ekosistem bileşenleri arasında farklılık göstermektedir. Ekonomik büyümenin tarım ve su kaynakları üzerinde olumlu bir etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu modellerde, GSYH'deki %1'lik bir artış tarım ve su kaynakları endekslerini %0,074-0,672 oranında artırmaktadır. Buna karşılık, ekonomik büyüme biyoçeşitlilik ve habitat, ekosistem hizmetleri, balıkçılık, asit yağmuru ve toplam ekosistem canlılığı üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu modellerde, GSYH'deki %1'lik bir artış biyoçeşitlilik ve habitat, ekosistem hizmetleri, balıkçılık, asit yağmuru ve toplam ekosistem canlılığı endekslerini %0,101-2,144 oranında azaltmaktadır. Bu da ekonomik büyüme süreçlerinin çevresel maliyetlerinin göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Ekonomik büyümenin olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak için çevre dostu politikalar sürdürülebilir kalkınma stratejileri ile birleştirilmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • Agboola, M. O., Bekun, F. V., & Joshua, U. (2021). Pathway to environmental sustainability: nexus between economic growth, energy consumption, CO2 emission, oil rent and total natural resources rent in Saudi Arabia. Resources Policy, 74, 102380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102380
  • Agenor, P. R. (2004). Does globalization hurt the poor?. International economics and economic policy, 1, 21-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-003-0004-3
  • Alaganthiran, J. R., & Anaba, M. I. (2022). The effects of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Heliyon, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11193
  • Al-mulali, U. (2012). Factors affecting CO2 emission in the Middle East: A panel data analysis. Energy, 44(1), 564-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.045
  • Al-Mulali, U., & Sheau-Ting, L. (2014). Econometric analysis of trade, exports, imports, energy consumption and CO2 emission in six regions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 33, 484-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.02.010
  • Alptekin, N. (2015). Ranking of EU countries and Turkey in terms of sustainable development indicators: An integrated approach using entropy and TOPSIS methods. The 9th International Days of Statistics and Economics, Prague, September, 1012.
  • Ansuategi, A., & Escapa, M. (2002). Economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions. Ecological Economics, 40(1), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00272-5
  • Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, M. S. (2001). Is free trade good for the environment?. American economic review, 91(4), 877-908. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.4.877
  • Ave, P., & Babolsar, I. (2010). Environmental Performance Index and economic growth: evidence from some developing countries. Australian journal of basic and applied sciences, 4(8), 3098-3102.
  • Baek, J., Cho, Y., & Koo, W. W. (2009). The environmental consequences of globalization: A country-specific time-series analysis. Ecological economics, 68(8-9), 2255-2264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.02.021
  • Bek, N. (2019). Çevresel performans endeksi ve sürdürülebilir yönetişim göstergeleri kapsamında ülke karşılaştırması: Türkiye ve İsviçre örneği. International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Social Sciences, 3(2), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijiasos.2019.216.1
  • Bilen, K., Ozyurt, O., Bakırcı, K., Karslı, S., Erdogan, S., Yılmaz, M., & Comaklı, O. (2008). Energy production, consumption, and environmental pollution for sustainable development: A case study in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(6), 1529-1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.03.003
  • Bozkurt, C., & Okumus, İ. (2017). Gelişmiş Ülkelerde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Test Edilmesi: Kyoto Protokolünün Rolü. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(4), 57-67.
  • Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, M. S. (1994). North-South Trade and the Environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(3), 755–787. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118421
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dogan, E., Seker, F., & Bulbul, S. (2017). Investigating the impacts of energy consumption, real GDP, tourism and trade on CO2 emissions by accounting for cross-sectional dependence: a panel study of OECD countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1701-1719. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1119103
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Fakher, H. A., & Abedi, Z. (2017). Relationship between environmental quality and economic growth in developing countries (based on environmental performance index). Environmental Energy and Economic Research, 1(3), 299-310. https://doi.org/10.22097/eeer.2017.86464.1001
  • Farhani, S., Chaibi, A., & Rault, C. (2014). CO2 emissions, output, energy consumption, and trade in Tunisia. Economic Modelling, 38, 426-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.01.025
  • Gao, J., & Tian, M. (2016). Analysis of over-consumption of natural resources and the ecological trade deficit in China based on ecological footprints. Ecological indicators, 61, 899-904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.10.044
  • Ghanem, S. K. (2018). The relationship between population and the environment and its impact on sustainable development in Egypt using a multi-equation model. Environment, development and sustainability, 20, 305-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9882-8
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1993). 2 Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. The Mexico-US Free Trade Agreement, 11(2), 13.
  • Iskenderoglu, Ö., Unlubulduk, S. N., & Karadeniz, E. (2022). Karbon Salınımının Belirleyicileri: Çevresel Performans Endeksi’ndeki Ülkelerde Bir Araştırma. Verimlilik Dergisi, 23-36. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1058125
  • Jacobs, C., B., Lee, C., O’Toole, D., & Vines, K. (2014). Integrated regional vulnerability assessment of government services to climate change. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 6(3), 272-295. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-12-2012-0071
  • Jalil, A., & Mahmud, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a cointegration analysis for China. Energy policy, 37(12), 5167-5172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.044
  • Jayanthakumaran, K., Verma, R., & Liu, Y. (2012). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, trade and income: a comparative analysis of China and India. Energy Policy, 42, 450-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.12.010
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of economic dynamics and control, 12(2-3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration—with appucations to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 52(2), 169-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
  • Karaman, Y. E. (2018). Çevre performans endeksi kapsamında Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’nin karşılaştırılması. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 76-85.
  • Kasman, A., & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: a panel data analysis. Economic modelling, 44, 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.022
  • Kukla-Gryz, A. (2009). Economic growth, international trade and air pollution: A decomposition analysis. Ecological economics, 68(5), 1329-1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.09.005
  • Lopez, R. (1994), “The environment as a factor of production: The effects of economic growth and trade liberalization”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27: 163-184. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1994.1032
  • Madaleno, M., & Nogueira, M. C. (2023). How renewable energy and CO2 emissions contribute to economic growth, and sustainability—an extensive analysis. Sustainability, 15(5), 4089. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054089
  • Mahmood, H., Maalel, N., & Zarrad, O. (2019). Trade openness and CO2 emissions: Evidence from Tunisia. Sustainability, 11(12), 3295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123295
  • Nordhaus, W. D. (2010). Economic aspects of global warming in a post-Copenhagen environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(26), 11721-11726. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005985107
  • Osobajo, O. A., Otitoju, A., Otitoju, M. A., & Oke, A. (2020). The impact of energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions. Sustainability, 12(19), 7965. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197965
  • Ozkan, M., & Ozcan, A. (2018). Veri zarflama analizi (VZA) ile seçilmiş çevresel göstergeler üzerinden bir değerlendirme: OECD performans incelemesi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(32), 485-508.
  • Perron, P. (1988). Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series: Further evidence from a new approach. Journal of economic dynamics and control, 12(2-3), 297-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90043-7 Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
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Exploring the Impacts of Economic Growth on Ecosystem and Its Subcomponents in Türkiye

Yıl 2025, , 397 - 411, 16.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1616147

Öz

This study analyzes the impacts of economic growth on ecosystem in Türkiye. The study uses annual data for the period 1995-2021 and the ARDL method. The study utilizes the Ecosystem Vitality Index, a sub-dimension of the Environmental Performance Index. In addition, seven models were constructed to assess in detail the impact of economic growth on different dimensions of the ecosystem. The results show that economic growth has a significant impact in all models analyzed. However, the direction of this impact differs across ecosystem components. Economic growth is found to have a positive impact on agriculture and water resources. In these models, a 1% increase in GDP increases the agriculture and water resources indices by 0.074-0.672%. In contrast, economic growth has a negative impact on biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, fisheries, acid rain and total ecosystem vitality. In these models, a 1% increase in GDP reduces the indices of biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, fisheries, acid rain and total ecosystem vitality by 0.101-2.144%. The results suggest that the environmental costs of economic growth processes need to be considered. Environmentally friendly policies should be combined with sustainable development strategies to reduce the negative impacts of economic growth.

Kaynakça

  • Agboola, M. O., Bekun, F. V., & Joshua, U. (2021). Pathway to environmental sustainability: nexus between economic growth, energy consumption, CO2 emission, oil rent and total natural resources rent in Saudi Arabia. Resources Policy, 74, 102380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102380
  • Agenor, P. R. (2004). Does globalization hurt the poor?. International economics and economic policy, 1, 21-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-003-0004-3
  • Alaganthiran, J. R., & Anaba, M. I. (2022). The effects of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Heliyon, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11193
  • Al-mulali, U. (2012). Factors affecting CO2 emission in the Middle East: A panel data analysis. Energy, 44(1), 564-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.045
  • Al-Mulali, U., & Sheau-Ting, L. (2014). Econometric analysis of trade, exports, imports, energy consumption and CO2 emission in six regions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 33, 484-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.02.010
  • Alptekin, N. (2015). Ranking of EU countries and Turkey in terms of sustainable development indicators: An integrated approach using entropy and TOPSIS methods. The 9th International Days of Statistics and Economics, Prague, September, 1012.
  • Ansuategi, A., & Escapa, M. (2002). Economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions. Ecological Economics, 40(1), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00272-5
  • Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, M. S. (2001). Is free trade good for the environment?. American economic review, 91(4), 877-908. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.4.877
  • Ave, P., & Babolsar, I. (2010). Environmental Performance Index and economic growth: evidence from some developing countries. Australian journal of basic and applied sciences, 4(8), 3098-3102.
  • Baek, J., Cho, Y., & Koo, W. W. (2009). The environmental consequences of globalization: A country-specific time-series analysis. Ecological economics, 68(8-9), 2255-2264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.02.021
  • Bek, N. (2019). Çevresel performans endeksi ve sürdürülebilir yönetişim göstergeleri kapsamında ülke karşılaştırması: Türkiye ve İsviçre örneği. International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Social Sciences, 3(2), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijiasos.2019.216.1
  • Bilen, K., Ozyurt, O., Bakırcı, K., Karslı, S., Erdogan, S., Yılmaz, M., & Comaklı, O. (2008). Energy production, consumption, and environmental pollution for sustainable development: A case study in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(6), 1529-1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.03.003
  • Bozkurt, C., & Okumus, İ. (2017). Gelişmiş Ülkelerde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Test Edilmesi: Kyoto Protokolünün Rolü. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(4), 57-67.
  • Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, M. S. (1994). North-South Trade and the Environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(3), 755–787. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118421
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dogan, E., Seker, F., & Bulbul, S. (2017). Investigating the impacts of energy consumption, real GDP, tourism and trade on CO2 emissions by accounting for cross-sectional dependence: a panel study of OECD countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1701-1719. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1119103
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Fakher, H. A., & Abedi, Z. (2017). Relationship between environmental quality and economic growth in developing countries (based on environmental performance index). Environmental Energy and Economic Research, 1(3), 299-310. https://doi.org/10.22097/eeer.2017.86464.1001
  • Farhani, S., Chaibi, A., & Rault, C. (2014). CO2 emissions, output, energy consumption, and trade in Tunisia. Economic Modelling, 38, 426-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.01.025
  • Gao, J., & Tian, M. (2016). Analysis of over-consumption of natural resources and the ecological trade deficit in China based on ecological footprints. Ecological indicators, 61, 899-904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.10.044
  • Ghanem, S. K. (2018). The relationship between population and the environment and its impact on sustainable development in Egypt using a multi-equation model. Environment, development and sustainability, 20, 305-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9882-8
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1993). 2 Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. The Mexico-US Free Trade Agreement, 11(2), 13.
  • Iskenderoglu, Ö., Unlubulduk, S. N., & Karadeniz, E. (2022). Karbon Salınımının Belirleyicileri: Çevresel Performans Endeksi’ndeki Ülkelerde Bir Araştırma. Verimlilik Dergisi, 23-36. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1058125
  • Jacobs, C., B., Lee, C., O’Toole, D., & Vines, K. (2014). Integrated regional vulnerability assessment of government services to climate change. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 6(3), 272-295. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-12-2012-0071
  • Jalil, A., & Mahmud, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a cointegration analysis for China. Energy policy, 37(12), 5167-5172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.044
  • Jayanthakumaran, K., Verma, R., & Liu, Y. (2012). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, trade and income: a comparative analysis of China and India. Energy Policy, 42, 450-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.12.010
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of economic dynamics and control, 12(2-3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration—with appucations to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 52(2), 169-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
  • Karaman, Y. E. (2018). Çevre performans endeksi kapsamında Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’nin karşılaştırılması. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 76-85.
  • Kasman, A., & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: a panel data analysis. Economic modelling, 44, 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.022
  • Kukla-Gryz, A. (2009). Economic growth, international trade and air pollution: A decomposition analysis. Ecological economics, 68(5), 1329-1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.09.005
  • Lopez, R. (1994), “The environment as a factor of production: The effects of economic growth and trade liberalization”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27: 163-184. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1994.1032
  • Madaleno, M., & Nogueira, M. C. (2023). How renewable energy and CO2 emissions contribute to economic growth, and sustainability—an extensive analysis. Sustainability, 15(5), 4089. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054089
  • Mahmood, H., Maalel, N., & Zarrad, O. (2019). Trade openness and CO2 emissions: Evidence from Tunisia. Sustainability, 11(12), 3295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123295
  • Nordhaus, W. D. (2010). Economic aspects of global warming in a post-Copenhagen environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(26), 11721-11726. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005985107
  • Osobajo, O. A., Otitoju, A., Otitoju, M. A., & Oke, A. (2020). The impact of energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions. Sustainability, 12(19), 7965. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197965
  • Ozkan, M., & Ozcan, A. (2018). Veri zarflama analizi (VZA) ile seçilmiş çevresel göstergeler üzerinden bir değerlendirme: OECD performans incelemesi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(32), 485-508.
  • Perron, P. (1988). Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series: Further evidence from a new approach. Journal of economic dynamics and control, 12(2-3), 297-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90043-7 Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
  • Pimonenko, T. V., Liulov, O. V. and Chyhryn, O. Y. (2018). Environmental Performance Index: relation between social and economic welfare of the countries. Environ. Econ., 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.21511/ee.09(3).2018.01
  • Pinar, M. (2022). Sensitivity of environmental performance index based on stochastic dominance. Journal of Environmental Management, 310, 114767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114767
  • Rehman, A., Radulescu, M., Ma, H., Dagar, V., Hussain, I., & Khan, M. K. (2021). The impact of globalization, energy use, and trade on ecological footprint in Pakistan: does environmental sustainability exist?. Energies, 14(17), 5234. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175234
  • Richmond, A. K., & Kaufmann, R. K. (2006). Is there a turning point in the relationship between income and energy use and/or carbon emissions?. Ecological economics, 56(2), 176-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.01.011
  • Rock, M. T. (1996). Pollution intensity of GDP and trade policy: can the World Bank be wrong?. World development, 24(3), 471-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00152-3
  • Salman, M., Long, X., Dauda, L., & Mensah, C. N. (2019). The impact of institutional quality on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production, 241, 118331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118331
  • Sarkodie, S. A., & Strezov, V. (2019). Effect of foreign direct investments, economic development and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. Science of the total environment, 646, 862-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.365
  • Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 25, 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009
  • Tabash, M. I., Farooq, U., Aljughaiman, A. A., Wong, W. K., & AsadUllah, M. (2024). Does economic complexity help in achieving environmental sustainability? New empirical evidence from N-11 countries. Heliyon, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31794
  • Turhan, E., Cerit Mazlum, S., Şahin, Ü., Şorman, A. H., & Cem Gündoğan, A. (2016). Beyond special circumstances: climate change policy in Turkey 1992–2015. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 7(3), 448-460. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.390
  • Ulucak, R., & Erdem, E. (2012). Çevre-iktisat ilişkisi ve Türkiye’de çevre politikalarinin etkinliği. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 4(6), 78-98.
  • Usman, M., Kousar, R., Yaseen, M. R., & Makhdum, M. S. A. (2020). An empirical nexus between economic growth, energy utilization, trade policy, and ecological footprint: a continent-wise comparison in upper-middle-income countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 38995-39018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09772-3
  • Van Dao, N., & Van, V. H. (2020). Population explosion and the environment in developing countries: A case study of Vietnam. Revista Argentina De Clinica Psicológica, 29(4), 202.
  • Vasylieva, T., Lyulyov, O., Bilan, Y., & Streimikiene, D. (2019). Sustainable economic development and greenhouse gas emissions: The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption, GDP, and corruption. Energies, 12(17), 3289. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173289
  • Wolf, M. J., Emerson, J. W., Esty, D. C., de Sherbinin, A., Wendling, Z. A., et al. (2022). 2022 Environmental Performance Index. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. epi.yale.edu
  • Yang, X., Lou, F., Sun, M., Wang, R., & Wang, Y. (2017). Study of the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and the economic growth of Russia based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Applied energy, 193, 162-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.034
  • Yilanci, V., Pata, U. K., & Cutcu, I. (2022). Testing the persistence of shocks on ecological footprint and sub-accounts: evidence from the big ten emerging markets. International Journal of Environmental Research, 16(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-021-00391-5
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ormancılık Yönetimi ve Çevre
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Emre Akusta 0000-0002-6147-5443

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 21 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025

Kaynak Göster

APA Akusta, E. (2025). Exploring the Impacts of Economic Growth on Ecosystem and Its Subcomponents in Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 12(2), 397-411. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1616147