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The Effect of Aronia Pulp Addition Instead of Wet Brewers Grain Pulp in Total Mixed Ration on In Vitro Gas Production Technique Parameters

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 898 - 909, 23.07.2025

Harun Emre Solmaz , Kadir Erten , Fisun Koc

https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1636599

Öz

In this study, the effect of adding aronia pulp instead of wet brewers grain pulp to dairy cattle rations on in vitro gas production parameters was examined. The materials of the study consisted of total mixture ration (R1) based on maize silage with a DM content of 52.77%. Two rations were formed by adding 1% (R2) and 2% (R3) aronia pomace to the prepared ration mixture (R1) instead of wet brewers grain pomace. In the study in which in vitro gas production technique was used, gas production (GP) and methane (CH4) production of the groups were determined. Organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolic energy (ME) and net energy lactation (NEL) values were calculated with the amount of GP obtained at 24th hour of incubation. The number of protozoa, pH values and viscosity were determined as parameters related to rumen fluid. Addition of aronia pulp to the ration decreased the amount of GP and CH4 (P<0.05). As the amount of aronia pulp in the ration increased, rumen pH value increased (P<0.012). At the initial stage of incubation, the number of protozoa in rumen fluid was 0.63x105, whereas at 48th hour of incubation, the number of protozoa ranged between 0.94-1.25 x105. There was no statistical difference between the groups in viscosity of rumen fluid (P>0.05). As a result, it was determined that the addition of aronia pulp to the ration increased the digestibility of the feed and contributed positively to rumen microbiota.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aronia pulp In Vitro Gas Production Methanogenesis Viscosity

Kaynakça

  • Abarghuei, M. J., & Salem, A. Z. M. (2021). Sustainable impact of pulp and leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra to enhance ruminal biofermentability, protozoa population, and biogas production in sheep. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(25), 33371–33381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13492-7
  • Bao, B., & Chang, K. C. (1994). Carrot juice color, carotenoids, and nonstarchy polysaccharides as affected by processing conditions. Journal of Food Science, 59(6), 1155–1158.
  • Beauchemin, K. A., Ungerfeld, R., Eckard, R., & Wang, M. (2020). Fifty years of research on rumen methanogenesis: Lessons learned and future challenges for mitigation. Animal, 14(S1), s2–s16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119003100
  • Canbolat, Ö. (2022). Effect of supplementation of urea on the nutritive value and fermentation characteristics of apple pulp silages. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 28(3), 430–437.
  • Canbolat, Ö., Kamalak, A., & Kara, H. (2014). The effects of urea supplementation on pomegranate pulp (Punica granatum L.) silage fermentation, aerobic stability and in vitro gas production. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 61(3), 217–223.
  • Chedea, V. S., Pelmus, R. S., Lazar, C., Pistol, G. C., Calin, L. G., Toma, S. M., & Taranu, I. (2017). Effects of a ration containing dried grape pulp on blood metabolites and milk composition of dairy cows. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(8), 2516–2523.
  • Denev, P., Kratchanova, M., Petrova, I., Klisurova, D., Georgiev, Y., Ognyanov, M., & Yanakieva, I. (2018). Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot) fruits and functional drinks differ significantly in their chemical composition and antioxidant activity. Journal of Chemistry, Article ID 7063831. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7063831
  • Erten, K., Gül, S., Coşkuntuna, L., & Koç, F. (2023a). Yerfıstığı kabuğu ve farklı tamponlayıcı maddelerin rumen sıvısı parametreleri üzerine etkisi. MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(Özel Sayı), 1011–1023.
  • Erten, K., Coşkuntuna, L., & Koç, F. (2023b). The relationship between the in vitro gas production parameters of feed nutrients. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Science, 10(3), 529–540.
  • Erten, K., Coşkuntuna, L., & Koç, F. (2023c). Toplam karışım rasyonuna bitki ekstraktları katkısının in vitro gaz üretim parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 60(2), 317–329.
  • Erten, K., Coşkuntuna, L., Gül, S., & Koç, F. (2024). Süt sığırı rasyonlarında farklı oranlarda kullanılan kaba ve kesif yemlerin in vitro gaz üretim parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 249–259.
  • Genç, S., & Soysal, M. İ. (2018). Parametrik ve parametrik olmayan çoklu karşılaştırma testleri. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 1(1), 18–27.
  • Giller, K., Bossut, L., Eggerschwiler, L., & Terranova, M. (2022). In vitro ruminal fermentation, methane production and nutrient degradability as affected by fruit and vegetable pulps in differing concentrations. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 106(5), 957–967.
  • Gümüş, H. (2014). Akarbozun asidozis üzerine etkisi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(1), 42–49.
  • Harmeyer, J. (1965). Zur methodical experimenteller untersuchungen an pansenprotozoan. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A, 12(9), 841–880.
  • Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., Skrovankova, S., Sumczynski, D., Sochor, J., Hlavacova, I., Snopek, L., & Orsavova, J. (2017). Fruits of black chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa in the prevention of chronic diseases. Molecules, 22(6), 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060944
  • Kılıç, U., & Sarıçiçek, B. Z. (2010). The effects of different silage additives on in vitro gas production, digestibility and energy values of sugar beet pulp silage. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5(8), 566–574.
  • Koç, F., Erten, K., & Coşkuntuna, L. (2024). Aronya posasının hayvan beslemede kullanım olanakları. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 267–278.
  • Koç, S. T. (2023). Aronia and anthocyanins. Latin American International Congress on Natural and Applied Sciences-IV, March 13–15, 2023, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • Koç, S. T., Kök, S., Ersoy, O., & Atalay, S. (2024). Effects of microencapsulated and non-capsulated aronia extract on serum lipid profile and liver histology in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet. Journal of Elementology, 29(4), 769–788.
  • Kokotkiewicz, A., Jaremicz, Z., & Luczkiewicz, M. (2010). Aronia plants: A review of traditional use, biological activities, and perspectives for modern medicine. Journal of Medicinal Food, 13(2), 255–269.
  • Köksal, Y., Bölükbaş, B., & Selçuk, Z. (2021). An in vitro evaluation of the silage mixtures containing different levels of white mulberry pulp and meadow grass. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 14(3), 309–315.
  • Määttä‐Riihinen, K. R., Kamal‐Eldin, A., Mattila, P. H., González‐Paramás, A. M., & Törrönen, A. R. (2004). Distribution and contents of phenolic compounds in eighteen Scandinavian berry species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(14), 4477–4486.
  • McSweeney, C. S., Palmer, B., McNeill, D. M., & Krause, D. O. (2001). Microbial interactions with tannins: Nutritional consequences for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 91(1–2), 83–93.
  • Menke, K. H., Raab, L., Salewski, A., Steingass, H., Fritz, D., & Schneider, W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 93(1), 217–222.
  • Mirzaei-Aghsaghali, A., Maheri-Sis, N., Mansouri, H., Razeghi, M. E., Jalal, S. J., & Aghajanzadeh-Golshani, A. (2011). Evaluating nutritional value of apple pulp for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Annals of Biological Research, 2(4), 100–106.
  • Naumann, H. D., Tedeschi, L. O., & Fonseca, M. A. (2015). Predicting ruminal methane inhibition by condensed tannins using nonlinear exponential decay regression analysis. Journal of Animal Science, 93(12), 5341–5345. NRC (National Research Council). (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7th rev. ed.). National Academy Press.
  • Osorio, L. L. D. R., Flórez‐López, E., & Grande‐Tovar, C. D. (2021). The potential of selected agri‐food loss and waste to contribute to a circular economy: Applications in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Molecules, 26(15), 515. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020515
  • Özdüven, M. L., Coşkuntuna, L., & Koç, F. (2005). Üzüm posası silajının fermantasyon ve yem değeri özelliklerinin saptanması. Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 45–50.
  • Öztürk, H. (2007). Küresel ısınmada ruminantların rolü. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 78, 17–22.
  • Patra, A. K., & Saxena, J. (2011). Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(1), 24–37.
  • Pieszka, M., Gogol, P., Pietras, M., & Pieszka, M. (2015). Valuable components of dried pulps of chokeberry, black currant, strawberry, apple and carrot as a source of natural antioxidants and nutraceuticals in the animal ration. Annals of Animal Science, 15(2), 475–460.
  • Shalini, R., & Gupta, D. K. (2010). Utilization of pulp from apple processing industries: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47(4), 365–371.
  • Singla, A., Hundal, J. S., Patra, A. K., Wadhwa, M., Nagarajappa, V., & Malhotra, P. (2021). Effect of dietary supplementation of Emblica officinalis fruit pulp on methane emission, ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilization, and milk production performance in buffaloes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(18), 18120–18133.
  • Sinz, S., Kunz, C., Liesegang, A., Braun, U., Marquardt, S., Soliva, C. R., & Kreuzer, M. (2018). In vitro bioactivity of various pure flavonoids in ruminal fermentation, with special reference to methane formation. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 63(7), 293–304.
  • Taasoli, G., & Kafilzadeh, F. (2008). Effects of dried and ensiled apple pulp from puree making on performance of finishing lambs. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(2), 293–297.
  • Ülger, İ., Beyzi, S. B., Kaliber, M., & Konca, Y. (2020). Chemical, nutritive, fermentation profile and gas production of citrus pulp silages, alone or combined with maize silage. South African Journal of Animal Science, 50(1), 161–169.
  • Varzakas, T., Zakynthinos, G., & Verpoort, F. (2016). Plant food residues as a source of nutraceuticals and functional foods. Foods, 5(4), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods5040088
  • Wu, X., Gu, L., Prior, R. L., & McKay, S. (2004). Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes, Aronia, and Sambucus and their antioxidant capacity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(26), 7846–7856.
  • Yılmaz, A., Güler, E., Soydemir, H. E., Demirel, S., Mollahaliloğlu, S., Çiftçi, V., & Karadeniz, T. (2021). Miracle plant: Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa). MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(1), 83–94.

Toplam Rasyon Karışımına Aronya Posası İlavesinin İn Vitro Gaz ÜretimTekniği Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 898 - 909, 23.07.2025

Harun Emre Solmaz , Kadir Erten , Fisun Koc

https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1636599

Öz

Bu çalışmada, süt sığırı rasyonlarına yaş bira posası yerine aronya posası ilavesinin in vitro gaz üretim parametrelerine olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın materyalini %52.77 KM içeriğine sahip mısır silajına dayalı toplam rasyon karışımı (R1) oluşturmuştur. Hazırlanan rasyon karışımına (R1) yaş bira posası yerine %1 (R2) ve %2 (R3) oranında aronya posası ilave edilerek iki rasyon oluşturulmuştur. In vitro gaz üretim tekniğinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, grupların gaz üretimi (GÜ), metan (CH4) üretimi belirlenmiştir. İnkübasyonun 24. saatinde elde edilen GÜ miktarları ile organik madde sindirilebilirliği (OMS), metabolik enerji (ME) ve net enerji laktasyon (NEL) değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Rumen sıvısına ilişkin parametreler olarak, protozoa sayısı, pH değerleri ve viskozitesi belirlenmiştir. Rasyonlara aronya posası ilavesi GÜ ve CH4 miktarını azaltmıştır (P<0.05). Rasyondaki aronya posası oranı arttıkça rumen pH'sı yükselmiştir (P<0.012). İnkübasyonun başında rumen sıvısındaki protozoa sayısı 0.63x105 iken, inkübasyonun 48. saatinde protozoa sayısı 0.94-1.25 x105 arasında değişmiştir. Gruplar arasında rumen sıvısı viskozitesi açısından istatistiksel bir fark bulunmamıştır (P>0.05). Sonuç olarak, rasyona aronya posası ilavesinin yemin sindirebilirliğini artırdığı ve rumen mikrobiyatına ise olumlu katkı sağladığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aronya posası İn vitro gaz üretim Metanogenez Viskosite

Kaynakça

  • Abarghuei, M. J., & Salem, A. Z. M. (2021). Sustainable impact of pulp and leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra to enhance ruminal biofermentability, protozoa population, and biogas production in sheep. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(25), 33371–33381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13492-7
  • Bao, B., & Chang, K. C. (1994). Carrot juice color, carotenoids, and nonstarchy polysaccharides as affected by processing conditions. Journal of Food Science, 59(6), 1155–1158.
  • Beauchemin, K. A., Ungerfeld, R., Eckard, R., & Wang, M. (2020). Fifty years of research on rumen methanogenesis: Lessons learned and future challenges for mitigation. Animal, 14(S1), s2–s16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119003100
  • Canbolat, Ö. (2022). Effect of supplementation of urea on the nutritive value and fermentation characteristics of apple pulp silages. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 28(3), 430–437.
  • Canbolat, Ö., Kamalak, A., & Kara, H. (2014). The effects of urea supplementation on pomegranate pulp (Punica granatum L.) silage fermentation, aerobic stability and in vitro gas production. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 61(3), 217–223.
  • Chedea, V. S., Pelmus, R. S., Lazar, C., Pistol, G. C., Calin, L. G., Toma, S. M., & Taranu, I. (2017). Effects of a ration containing dried grape pulp on blood metabolites and milk composition of dairy cows. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(8), 2516–2523.
  • Denev, P., Kratchanova, M., Petrova, I., Klisurova, D., Georgiev, Y., Ognyanov, M., & Yanakieva, I. (2018). Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot) fruits and functional drinks differ significantly in their chemical composition and antioxidant activity. Journal of Chemistry, Article ID 7063831. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7063831
  • Erten, K., Gül, S., Coşkuntuna, L., & Koç, F. (2023a). Yerfıstığı kabuğu ve farklı tamponlayıcı maddelerin rumen sıvısı parametreleri üzerine etkisi. MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(Özel Sayı), 1011–1023.
  • Erten, K., Coşkuntuna, L., & Koç, F. (2023b). The relationship between the in vitro gas production parameters of feed nutrients. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Science, 10(3), 529–540.
  • Erten, K., Coşkuntuna, L., & Koç, F. (2023c). Toplam karışım rasyonuna bitki ekstraktları katkısının in vitro gaz üretim parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 60(2), 317–329.
  • Erten, K., Coşkuntuna, L., Gül, S., & Koç, F. (2024). Süt sığırı rasyonlarında farklı oranlarda kullanılan kaba ve kesif yemlerin in vitro gaz üretim parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 249–259.
  • Genç, S., & Soysal, M. İ. (2018). Parametrik ve parametrik olmayan çoklu karşılaştırma testleri. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 1(1), 18–27.
  • Giller, K., Bossut, L., Eggerschwiler, L., & Terranova, M. (2022). In vitro ruminal fermentation, methane production and nutrient degradability as affected by fruit and vegetable pulps in differing concentrations. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 106(5), 957–967.
  • Gümüş, H. (2014). Akarbozun asidozis üzerine etkisi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(1), 42–49.
  • Harmeyer, J. (1965). Zur methodical experimenteller untersuchungen an pansenprotozoan. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A, 12(9), 841–880.
  • Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., Skrovankova, S., Sumczynski, D., Sochor, J., Hlavacova, I., Snopek, L., & Orsavova, J. (2017). Fruits of black chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa in the prevention of chronic diseases. Molecules, 22(6), 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060944
  • Kılıç, U., & Sarıçiçek, B. Z. (2010). The effects of different silage additives on in vitro gas production, digestibility and energy values of sugar beet pulp silage. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5(8), 566–574.
  • Koç, F., Erten, K., & Coşkuntuna, L. (2024). Aronya posasının hayvan beslemede kullanım olanakları. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 267–278.
  • Koç, S. T. (2023). Aronia and anthocyanins. Latin American International Congress on Natural and Applied Sciences-IV, March 13–15, 2023, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • Koç, S. T., Kök, S., Ersoy, O., & Atalay, S. (2024). Effects of microencapsulated and non-capsulated aronia extract on serum lipid profile and liver histology in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet. Journal of Elementology, 29(4), 769–788.
  • Kokotkiewicz, A., Jaremicz, Z., & Luczkiewicz, M. (2010). Aronia plants: A review of traditional use, biological activities, and perspectives for modern medicine. Journal of Medicinal Food, 13(2), 255–269.
  • Köksal, Y., Bölükbaş, B., & Selçuk, Z. (2021). An in vitro evaluation of the silage mixtures containing different levels of white mulberry pulp and meadow grass. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 14(3), 309–315.
  • Määttä‐Riihinen, K. R., Kamal‐Eldin, A., Mattila, P. H., González‐Paramás, A. M., & Törrönen, A. R. (2004). Distribution and contents of phenolic compounds in eighteen Scandinavian berry species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(14), 4477–4486.
  • McSweeney, C. S., Palmer, B., McNeill, D. M., & Krause, D. O. (2001). Microbial interactions with tannins: Nutritional consequences for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 91(1–2), 83–93.
  • Menke, K. H., Raab, L., Salewski, A., Steingass, H., Fritz, D., & Schneider, W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 93(1), 217–222.
  • Mirzaei-Aghsaghali, A., Maheri-Sis, N., Mansouri, H., Razeghi, M. E., Jalal, S. J., & Aghajanzadeh-Golshani, A. (2011). Evaluating nutritional value of apple pulp for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Annals of Biological Research, 2(4), 100–106.
  • Naumann, H. D., Tedeschi, L. O., & Fonseca, M. A. (2015). Predicting ruminal methane inhibition by condensed tannins using nonlinear exponential decay regression analysis. Journal of Animal Science, 93(12), 5341–5345. NRC (National Research Council). (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7th rev. ed.). National Academy Press.
  • Osorio, L. L. D. R., Flórez‐López, E., & Grande‐Tovar, C. D. (2021). The potential of selected agri‐food loss and waste to contribute to a circular economy: Applications in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Molecules, 26(15), 515. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020515
  • Özdüven, M. L., Coşkuntuna, L., & Koç, F. (2005). Üzüm posası silajının fermantasyon ve yem değeri özelliklerinin saptanması. Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 45–50.
  • Öztürk, H. (2007). Küresel ısınmada ruminantların rolü. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 78, 17–22.
  • Patra, A. K., & Saxena, J. (2011). Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(1), 24–37.
  • Pieszka, M., Gogol, P., Pietras, M., & Pieszka, M. (2015). Valuable components of dried pulps of chokeberry, black currant, strawberry, apple and carrot as a source of natural antioxidants and nutraceuticals in the animal ration. Annals of Animal Science, 15(2), 475–460.
  • Shalini, R., & Gupta, D. K. (2010). Utilization of pulp from apple processing industries: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47(4), 365–371.
  • Singla, A., Hundal, J. S., Patra, A. K., Wadhwa, M., Nagarajappa, V., & Malhotra, P. (2021). Effect of dietary supplementation of Emblica officinalis fruit pulp on methane emission, ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilization, and milk production performance in buffaloes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(18), 18120–18133.
  • Sinz, S., Kunz, C., Liesegang, A., Braun, U., Marquardt, S., Soliva, C. R., & Kreuzer, M. (2018). In vitro bioactivity of various pure flavonoids in ruminal fermentation, with special reference to methane formation. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 63(7), 293–304.
  • Taasoli, G., & Kafilzadeh, F. (2008). Effects of dried and ensiled apple pulp from puree making on performance of finishing lambs. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(2), 293–297.
  • Ülger, İ., Beyzi, S. B., Kaliber, M., & Konca, Y. (2020). Chemical, nutritive, fermentation profile and gas production of citrus pulp silages, alone or combined with maize silage. South African Journal of Animal Science, 50(1), 161–169.
  • Varzakas, T., Zakynthinos, G., & Verpoort, F. (2016). Plant food residues as a source of nutraceuticals and functional foods. Foods, 5(4), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods5040088
  • Wu, X., Gu, L., Prior, R. L., & McKay, S. (2004). Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes, Aronia, and Sambucus and their antioxidant capacity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(26), 7846–7856.
  • Yılmaz, A., Güler, E., Soydemir, H. E., Demirel, S., Mollahaliloğlu, S., Çiftçi, V., & Karadeniz, T. (2021). Miracle plant: Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa). MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(1), 83–94.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hayvan Besleme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Harun Emre Solmaz 0009-0004-7536-1932

Kadir Erten 0000-0002-6307-1573

Fisun Koc 0000-0002-5978-9232

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 24 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Solmaz, H. E., Erten, K., & Koc, F. (2025). The Effect of Aronia Pulp Addition Instead of Wet Brewers Grain Pulp in Total Mixed Ration on In Vitro Gas Production Technique Parameters. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 12(3), 898-909. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1636599
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