Araştırma Makalesi
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YÜKSELEN GÜÇ AKTİVİZMİ VE BÜYÜK GÜÇ STATÜKOCULUĞU: AFRİKA GÜÇ MÜCADELESİNDE BİR YER ARAYIŞI

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 47, 267 - 282, 06.05.2025

Özgür Tüfekçi

https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1639026

Öz

Bu makale, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Rusya, Çin ve Türkiye'nin Afrika güç mücadelesinde yer edinmek için uyguladığı politikaları açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Büyük bir güç olarak ABD, uluslararası örgütlerle stratejik angajmanı yoluyla ve Afrika ülkeleri üzerinde etki kurmak için terörizm, demokrasinin teşviki, insan haklarının savunulması gibi konuları ele almaktadır. Buna karşılık, Rusya (bir zamanlar büyük bir güç; şu anda yükselen bir güç olarak) tarihsel bağlamından ve bölgesel ilişkilerinden yararlanarak yumuşak güç diplomasisi kullanmaktadır. Çin, ticari yatırımları ve Afrika ülkelerine ekonomik desteği ile kıtaya hakim olmaya çalışırken, Türkiye'nin Afrika'ya yönelik dış politikasının temelini yumuşak ve sert güç arasında kurduğu hassas denge oluşturmaktadır. Bu anlamda, bu makale karşılaştırmalı metodoloji üzerinden bahsi geçen politikaları Neo-realist bir yaklaşımla analiz ederek Afrika'daki uluslar ile yükselen ve büyük güçler arasındaki belirli anlaşmaları ve sözleşmeleri incelemeye odaklanmaktadır. Araştırma bulguları, Afrika ülkelerinin uluslararası örgütler, yatırımlar ve yumuşak diplomasi aracılığıyla büyük güçler tarafından statükoyu korumak adına sömürüldüğüne dair açık işaretler olduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer taraftan yükselen güçlerin aktif bir dış politika anlayışı ile çoğunlukla Afrika ülkeleriyle işbirliğine dayalı bağlar kurduğu ortaya konulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yükselen Güçler Büyük Güçler Afrika Türkiye ABD Rusya Çin

Kaynakça

  • Alden, C. (2017). China and Africa. In Routledge Handbook of African Politics. Routledge, 414-425.
  • Ali, A. O., Morshedy, A. S., El-Zahhar, A. A., Alghamdi, M. M., & El Naggar, A. M. (2024). African Continent: Rich Land of Minerals and Energy Sources. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 113-123.
  • Anadolu Agency. (2024). Türkiye Ranks 2nd Globally in Number of Contractors after China, President Erdogan Says. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/turkiye-ranks-2nd-globally-in-number-of-contractors-after-china-president-erdogan-says/3333936
  • Ayoob, M. (1995). The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Blair RA, Marty R, and Roessler P. (2022). Foreign Aid and Soft Power: Great Power Competition in Africa in the Early Twenty-first Century. British Journal of Political Science. 52 (3), 1355-1376. doi:10.1017/S0007123421000193.
  • Boafo, J., Obodai, J., Stemn, E., & Nkrumah, P. N. (2024). The Race for Critical Minerals in Africa: A Blessing or Another Resource Curse?. Resources policy, 93, 105046.
  • Brautigam, D. (2020). A Critical Look at Chinese ‘Debt-Trap Diplomacy’: The Rise of a Meme. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 1-14.
  • Clapham, C. (1996). Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
  • Dağ, R. and Tüfekçi, Ö., (2023), “Introduction: Great Power Politics”, Rahman Dağ and Özgür Tüfekçi (Ed.), Great Power Politics in Greater Eurasia: Regional Alliances, Institutions, Projects, and Conflicts, (p. 1-20), London: Rowman.
  • Devitt, P., & Ferreira-Marques, C. (2012). Russia's Norilsk Nickel sees African Opportunity. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-summit-norilsk-two/russias-norilsk-nickel-sees-african-opportunity-idUSBRE88P1DO20120927/
  • Droin, M., & Dolbaia, T. (2023). Russia Is Still Progressing in Africa. What's the Limit? Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).
  • ENI S.p.A. (2024). Annual Report 2023. https://www.eni.com/content/dam/enicom/documents/ eng/reports/2023/Annual-Report-2023.pdf
  • Freitas, M. V. d. (2023). The Impact of Chinese Investments in Africa: Neocolonialism or Cooperation? Policy Center for the New South.
  • Firoozabadi, J.D., and Ashkezari, M.Z. (2016). Neo-classical Realism in International Relations. Asian Social Science, 12, 95.
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gilpin, R. (1988). The Theory of Hegemonic War. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 591-613.
  • Gilpin, R. (2016). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton University Press.
  • Gilpin, S. I. (2023). China, Africa and the International Aid System: A Challenge to (the Norms Underpinning) the Neoliberal World Order? Journal of Asian and African Studies, 58(3), pp. 277-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096211063804.
  • Glenn, J. (2009). Realism versus Strategic Culture: Competition and Collaboration?, International Studies Review, 11(3), 523–551, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2009.00872.x
  • Global Initiative, (2025). After The Fall Russian Influence on Africa’s Illicit Economies Post-Wagner, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, [Accessed 09.02.2005].
  • Grant T. Harris, (2017). “Why Africa Matters to US National Security,” Atlantic Council.
  • Gupte, E. “Russia's Lukoil Keen to Expand Upstream Presence in Africa: Official”, S&P Global, https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/news-research/latest-news/crude-oil/100622-russias-lukoil-keen-to-expand-upstream-presence-in-africa-official, [Accessed on 09.02.2005].
  • International Crisis Group. (2023). Türkiye’s Growing Drone Exports. International Crisis Group. https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/western-europemediterranean/turkiye/turkiyes-growing-drone-exports
  • Jenkins, R. (2022). How China is Reshaping the Global Economy: Development Impacts in Africa and Latin America. Oxford University Press.
  • Karabektas, S. (2024). “Russia’s Growing Military Footprint in Africa: Arms Deals and Defense Cooperation”, https://orionpolicy.org/russias-growing-military-footprint-in-africa-arms-deals-and-defense-cooperation/, [Accessed on 09.02.2005].
  • Kepe, M., Treyger, E., Curriden, C., Cohen, R. S., Klein, K., Rhoades, A. L. & Vest, N. (2023). Great-Power Competition and Conflict in Africa. RAND Corporation.
  • Kollakowski, T. (2022). “Great Regional Engagement” rather than “Great Sea Power”: Russia’s New Supply Point on the Red Sea Coast. Naval War College Review, 75(1), 83–106. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48733090
  • Krapohl S., Meissner K. L., Muntschick J. (2014). Regional Powers as Leaders or Rambos? The Ambivalent Behaviour of Brazil and South Africa in Regional Economic Integration. Journal of Common Market Studies 52(4), 879–895.
  • Lake D. (2013). Great Power Hierarchies and Strategies in Twenty-First Century World Politics. Handbook of International Relations W Carlsnaes, T Risse, BA Simmons, 555–577. (Los Angeles: SAGE).
  • Lorenzini, M. (2023), “Why Egypt’s New Nuclear Plant is a Long-Term Win for Russia”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/2023/12/why-egypts-new-nuclear-plant-is-a-long-term-win-for-russia/, [Accessed on 09.02.2005].
  • Mearsheimer, J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. (New York: W. W. Norton and Company).
  • Niu, F. (2019). Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Africa Determinants and Effects. Master's thesis, Politecnico di Torino.
  • Organski, A. F. (2014). Power Transition. In The Realism Reader, Routledge, 207-210.
  • Özyakışır, D., Akça, M., and Çamkaya, S. (2024). Do Remittances Have an Asymmetrical Effect on Financial Development? Empirical Evidence from Turkey. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 33(4), 598-617.
  • Singh, A. (2020). The Myth of ‘Debt-Trap Diplomacy’ and Realities of Chinese Development Finance. Third World Quarterly, 42(2), 239-253.
  • Schweller, R. L., & Pu, X. (2011). After Unipolarity: China’s Visions of International Order in An Era of US Decline. International Security, 36(1), 41–72.
  • Taylor, I. (2014a). Africa Rising? BRICS—Diversifying Dependency, (London: James Currey).
  • Taylor, I. (2014b). Emerging Powers, State Capitalism and the Oil Sector In Africa. Review of African Political Economy 41(141), 341–357.
  • Thompson, W. R. (2006). Systemic Leadership, Evolutionary Processes, and International Relations Theory: The Unipolarity Question. International Studies Review, 8(1), 1–22.
  • Tüfekçi, Ö. (2024). “Russia-China Rivalry in Central Asia and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)”, The Journal of Institute of Black Sea Studies, 10/21, 1-12. DOI: 10.31765 /karen.1466149
  • Tüfekçi, Ö. and Birinci, E. (2020). “Russian Foreign Policy,” Russia, Central Asia and the Caucasia, Eskişehir: Anadolu University Press, 2020, 61– 69.
  • Tüfekçi, Ö. and Dağ, R. (2022). “Whither Global Governance? An Approach to the World Politics,” in Özgür Tüfekçi & Rahman Dağ (eds.), Trends and Transformation in World Politics, London: Rowman, 2022, 137–150.
  • Usman, Z. and Csanadi, A. (2023). How can African Countries Participate in US Clean Energy Supply Chains? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Volgy, T. J., & Imwalle, L. E. (1995). Hegemonic and Bipolar Perspectives on the New World Order. American Journal of Political Science, 39(4), 819–834.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill).
  • Waltz, K.N. (2000). Structural Realism after the Cold War. International Security 25(1), 5-41. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/447711.
  • Wezeman, P. D. et al., “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023,” SIPRI Fact Sheet, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2024, https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/ files/2024-03/fs_2403_at_2023.pdf.
  • Zhou, J. (2019). Power Transition and Paradigm Shift in Diplomacy: Why China and the US March towards Strategic Competition? The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 12(1), 1–34.

RISING POWER ACTIVISM VS GREAT POWER STATUSQUOISM: QUEST FOR A PLACE IN AFRICAN POWER POLITICS

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 47, 267 - 282, 06.05.2025

Özgür Tüfekçi

https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1639026

Öz

This paper seeks to elucidate the policies the United States (US), Russia, China and Türkiye applied to have a place in African power politics. The US, as a great power, and through its strategic engagement with international organisations, addresses issues such as terrorism, the promotion of democracy, and the advocacy of human rights to exert influence over African countries. In contrast, Russia (once a great power; currently a rising power) employs a soft diplomacy strategy, capitalising on its historical context and regional relationships. While China’s contemporary commercial investments and economic support for African nations dominate the continent, a delicate balancing act between soft and hard power is the foundation of Türkiye's foreign policy towards Africa. In this sense, the comparative methodology is employed to analyse these policies through a Neo-realist approach, focusing on examining specific agreements and contracts between the nations in Africa and the rising and great powers. The research findings indicate that there are evident signs of the exploitation of African countries by great powers facilitated through international organisations, investments, and soft diplomacy in order to keep the status quo intact. At the same time, the rising powers mostly built “heart-to-heart” connections with the African nations by adopting activist foreign policy understanding.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rising Powers Great Powers Africa Türkiye the US Russia China

Kaynakça

  • Alden, C. (2017). China and Africa. In Routledge Handbook of African Politics. Routledge, 414-425.
  • Ali, A. O., Morshedy, A. S., El-Zahhar, A. A., Alghamdi, M. M., & El Naggar, A. M. (2024). African Continent: Rich Land of Minerals and Energy Sources. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 113-123.
  • Anadolu Agency. (2024). Türkiye Ranks 2nd Globally in Number of Contractors after China, President Erdogan Says. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/turkiye-ranks-2nd-globally-in-number-of-contractors-after-china-president-erdogan-says/3333936
  • Ayoob, M. (1995). The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Blair RA, Marty R, and Roessler P. (2022). Foreign Aid and Soft Power: Great Power Competition in Africa in the Early Twenty-first Century. British Journal of Political Science. 52 (3), 1355-1376. doi:10.1017/S0007123421000193.
  • Boafo, J., Obodai, J., Stemn, E., & Nkrumah, P. N. (2024). The Race for Critical Minerals in Africa: A Blessing or Another Resource Curse?. Resources policy, 93, 105046.
  • Brautigam, D. (2020). A Critical Look at Chinese ‘Debt-Trap Diplomacy’: The Rise of a Meme. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 1-14.
  • Clapham, C. (1996). Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
  • Dağ, R. and Tüfekçi, Ö., (2023), “Introduction: Great Power Politics”, Rahman Dağ and Özgür Tüfekçi (Ed.), Great Power Politics in Greater Eurasia: Regional Alliances, Institutions, Projects, and Conflicts, (p. 1-20), London: Rowman.
  • Devitt, P., & Ferreira-Marques, C. (2012). Russia's Norilsk Nickel sees African Opportunity. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-summit-norilsk-two/russias-norilsk-nickel-sees-african-opportunity-idUSBRE88P1DO20120927/
  • Droin, M., & Dolbaia, T. (2023). Russia Is Still Progressing in Africa. What's the Limit? Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).
  • ENI S.p.A. (2024). Annual Report 2023. https://www.eni.com/content/dam/enicom/documents/ eng/reports/2023/Annual-Report-2023.pdf
  • Freitas, M. V. d. (2023). The Impact of Chinese Investments in Africa: Neocolonialism or Cooperation? Policy Center for the New South.
  • Firoozabadi, J.D., and Ashkezari, M.Z. (2016). Neo-classical Realism in International Relations. Asian Social Science, 12, 95.
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gilpin, R. (1988). The Theory of Hegemonic War. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 591-613.
  • Gilpin, R. (2016). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton University Press.
  • Gilpin, S. I. (2023). China, Africa and the International Aid System: A Challenge to (the Norms Underpinning) the Neoliberal World Order? Journal of Asian and African Studies, 58(3), pp. 277-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096211063804.
  • Glenn, J. (2009). Realism versus Strategic Culture: Competition and Collaboration?, International Studies Review, 11(3), 523–551, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2009.00872.x
  • Global Initiative, (2025). After The Fall Russian Influence on Africa’s Illicit Economies Post-Wagner, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, [Accessed 09.02.2005].
  • Grant T. Harris, (2017). “Why Africa Matters to US National Security,” Atlantic Council.
  • Gupte, E. “Russia's Lukoil Keen to Expand Upstream Presence in Africa: Official”, S&P Global, https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/news-research/latest-news/crude-oil/100622-russias-lukoil-keen-to-expand-upstream-presence-in-africa-official, [Accessed on 09.02.2005].
  • International Crisis Group. (2023). Türkiye’s Growing Drone Exports. International Crisis Group. https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/western-europemediterranean/turkiye/turkiyes-growing-drone-exports
  • Jenkins, R. (2022). How China is Reshaping the Global Economy: Development Impacts in Africa and Latin America. Oxford University Press.
  • Karabektas, S. (2024). “Russia’s Growing Military Footprint in Africa: Arms Deals and Defense Cooperation”, https://orionpolicy.org/russias-growing-military-footprint-in-africa-arms-deals-and-defense-cooperation/, [Accessed on 09.02.2005].
  • Kepe, M., Treyger, E., Curriden, C., Cohen, R. S., Klein, K., Rhoades, A. L. & Vest, N. (2023). Great-Power Competition and Conflict in Africa. RAND Corporation.
  • Kollakowski, T. (2022). “Great Regional Engagement” rather than “Great Sea Power”: Russia’s New Supply Point on the Red Sea Coast. Naval War College Review, 75(1), 83–106. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48733090
  • Krapohl S., Meissner K. L., Muntschick J. (2014). Regional Powers as Leaders or Rambos? The Ambivalent Behaviour of Brazil and South Africa in Regional Economic Integration. Journal of Common Market Studies 52(4), 879–895.
  • Lake D. (2013). Great Power Hierarchies and Strategies in Twenty-First Century World Politics. Handbook of International Relations W Carlsnaes, T Risse, BA Simmons, 555–577. (Los Angeles: SAGE).
  • Lorenzini, M. (2023), “Why Egypt’s New Nuclear Plant is a Long-Term Win for Russia”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/2023/12/why-egypts-new-nuclear-plant-is-a-long-term-win-for-russia/, [Accessed on 09.02.2005].
  • Mearsheimer, J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. (New York: W. W. Norton and Company).
  • Niu, F. (2019). Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Africa Determinants and Effects. Master's thesis, Politecnico di Torino.
  • Organski, A. F. (2014). Power Transition. In The Realism Reader, Routledge, 207-210.
  • Özyakışır, D., Akça, M., and Çamkaya, S. (2024). Do Remittances Have an Asymmetrical Effect on Financial Development? Empirical Evidence from Turkey. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 33(4), 598-617.
  • Singh, A. (2020). The Myth of ‘Debt-Trap Diplomacy’ and Realities of Chinese Development Finance. Third World Quarterly, 42(2), 239-253.
  • Schweller, R. L., & Pu, X. (2011). After Unipolarity: China’s Visions of International Order in An Era of US Decline. International Security, 36(1), 41–72.
  • Taylor, I. (2014a). Africa Rising? BRICS—Diversifying Dependency, (London: James Currey).
  • Taylor, I. (2014b). Emerging Powers, State Capitalism and the Oil Sector In Africa. Review of African Political Economy 41(141), 341–357.
  • Thompson, W. R. (2006). Systemic Leadership, Evolutionary Processes, and International Relations Theory: The Unipolarity Question. International Studies Review, 8(1), 1–22.
  • Tüfekçi, Ö. (2024). “Russia-China Rivalry in Central Asia and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)”, The Journal of Institute of Black Sea Studies, 10/21, 1-12. DOI: 10.31765 /karen.1466149
  • Tüfekçi, Ö. and Birinci, E. (2020). “Russian Foreign Policy,” Russia, Central Asia and the Caucasia, Eskişehir: Anadolu University Press, 2020, 61– 69.
  • Tüfekçi, Ö. and Dağ, R. (2022). “Whither Global Governance? An Approach to the World Politics,” in Özgür Tüfekçi & Rahman Dağ (eds.), Trends and Transformation in World Politics, London: Rowman, 2022, 137–150.
  • Usman, Z. and Csanadi, A. (2023). How can African Countries Participate in US Clean Energy Supply Chains? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Volgy, T. J., & Imwalle, L. E. (1995). Hegemonic and Bipolar Perspectives on the New World Order. American Journal of Political Science, 39(4), 819–834.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill).
  • Waltz, K.N. (2000). Structural Realism after the Cold War. International Security 25(1), 5-41. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/447711.
  • Wezeman, P. D. et al., “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023,” SIPRI Fact Sheet, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2024, https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/ files/2024-03/fs_2403_at_2023.pdf.
  • Zhou, J. (2019). Power Transition and Paradigm Shift in Diplomacy: Why China and the US March towards Strategic Competition? The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 12(1), 1–34.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Afrika Çalışmaları
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Özgür Tüfekçi 0000-0002-4335-2909

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 1 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

APA Tüfekçi, Ö. (2025). RISING POWER ACTIVISM VS GREAT POWER STATUSQUOISM: QUEST FOR A PLACE IN AFRICAN POWER POLITICS. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi(47), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1639026


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