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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHENOLIC AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS AND SUMAC (RHUS CORIARIA L.)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 131 - 139, 30.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.1624649

Öz

Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is a sour spice widely used in Türkiye and especially in the Southeastern Anatolia region to give a distinctive color and sharp taste to dishes. Propolis is a resinous natural product collected from beehives, and due to its wide range of biologically active properties, it is an important dietary supplement. In this study, the phenolic and antioxidant properties of sumac and propolis from Malatya region were examined and compared. Ethanolic extracts of sumac and propolis were analyzed for their phenolic properties, including total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and phenolic composition. The phenolic profile was determined using HPLC-PDA based on 26 phenolic standards. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The total phenolic content was measured at 49.12 mg GAE/g in sumac and 159.30 mg GAE/g in propolis. Sumac was found to be particularly rich in phenolic acids, including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and syringic acid. In contrast, propolis exhibited a higher content of flavonoids such as pinocembrin, hesperetin, caffeic acid, and CAPE. Chrysin was identified as a common flavonoid present in both natural products. The findings indicate that sumac contains a significant concentration of biologically active compounds, similar to propolis, and therefore has the potential to be utilized not only as a spice but also as a dietary supplement.

Kaynakça

  • Abbas M, Saeed F, Anjum FM, Afzaal M, Tufail T, Bashir MS, Ishtiaq A, Hussain S, Suleria HAR. Natural polyphenol: An overview. International Journal of Food Properties. 2017; 20(8):1689–1699, doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1220393
  • Alsamri H, Athamneh K, Pintus G, Eid AH, Iratni R. Pharmacological and Antioxidant Activities of Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac). Antioxidants. 2021;10(1):1–28, doi.org/10.3390/Antiox10010073
  • Ashoori F, Fakhar, Goli HR, Mirzaee F, Faridnia R, Kalani H, Shahani S. Antileishmanial and antibacterial activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rhus coriaria L. Annals of Parasitology. 2020;62(2):157–163, doi.org/10.17420/AP6602.250
  • Athamneh K, Hasasna H El, Samri H Al, Attoub S, Arafat K, Benhalilou N, Rashedi A Al, Dhaheri Y Al, Abuqamar S, Eid A, Iratni R. Rhus coriaria increases protein ubiquitination, proteasomal degradation and triggers non-canonical Beclin-1-independent autophagy and apoptotic cell death in colon cancer cells. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7(1), doi.org/10.1038/S41598-017-11202-3
  • Batiha GES, Ogunyemi OM, Shaheen HM, Kutu FR, Olaiya CO, Sabatier JM, De Waard M. Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac), a Versatile and Resourceful Food Spice with Cornucopia of Polyphenols. Molecules. 2022; 27(16): 5179, doi. org/10.3390/molecules27165179
  • Benzie IFF, Strain JJ. The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay. Anal Biochem 1996; 239:70–6, doi.org/10.1006/ABIO.1996.0292
  • Bursal E, Köksal E. Evaluation of reducing power and radical scavenging activities of water and ethanol extracts from sumac (Rhus coriaria L.). Food Research International 2011; 44:2217–21, doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.11.001
  • Can Z, Kara Y, Kolayli S, Çakmak I. Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of propolis from Marmara region, Turkey. J Apic Res 2024; 63:542–8, doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2022.2157582
  • Cano A, Maestre AB, Hernández-Ruiz J, Arnao MB, Cano A, Maestre AB. ABTS/TAC Methodology: Main Milestones and Recent Applications. Processes. 2023; 11:185, doi.org/10.3390/pr11010185
  • Cora M, Buruk CK, Ünsal S, Kaklikkaya N, Kolayli S. Chemical Analysis and in Vitro Antiviral Effects of Northeast Türkiye Propolis Samples against HSV-1. Chem Biodivers. 2023;20, doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202300669
  • Dai J, Mumper R. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules 2010; 15(10), 7313-7352, doi.org/10.3390/molecules15107313
  • Do QD, Angkawijaya AE, Tran-Nguyen PL, Huynh LH, Soetaredjo FE, Ismadji S, Ju YH. Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. Journal of food and drug analysis 2014; 22(3), 296-302, doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
  • Elagbar ZA, Shakya AK, Barhoumi LM, Al-Jaber HI. Phytochemical Diversity and Pharmacological Properties of Rhus coriaria. Chem Biodivers. 2020;17, doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900561
  • Fereidoonfar H, Salehi-Arjmand H, Khadivi A, Akramian M, Safdari L. Chemical variation and antioxidant capacity of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.). Ind Crops Prod. 2019;139, doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111518
  • Fukumoto LR, Mazza G. Assessing antioxidant and prooxidant activities of phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 2000; 48:3597–604, doi.org/10.1021/jf000220w
  • Kara Y, Birinci C. Usability of the phenolic profile analysis method developed in RP-HPLC-PDA in natural products. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature. 2024; 7:14–27, doi.org/10.35206/jan.1430767
  • Kara Y, Can Z, Kolaylı S. What Should Be the Ideal Solvent Percentage and Solvent-Propolis ratio in the Preparation of Ethanolic Propolis Extract? Food Anal Methods. 2022; 15:1707–1719, doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02244-z/tables/6
  • Kasote D, Bankova V, Viljoen AM. Propolis: chemical diversity and challenges in quality control. Phytochem Rev. 2022; 21:1887–1911, doi.org/10.1007/s11101-022-09816-1
  • Khalilpour S, Sangiovanni E, Piazza S, Fumagalli M, Beretta G, Dell’Agli M. In vitro evidences of the traditional use of Rhus coriaria L. fruits against skin inflammatory conditions. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;238, doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111829
  • Kolayli S, Can Z, Yildiz O, Sahin H, Karaoglu SA. A comparative study of the antihyaluronidase, antiurease, antioxidant, antimicrobial and physicochemical properties of different unifloral degrees of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) honeys. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2016;31(sup3):96-104, doi: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1209494
  • Kolaylı S, Birinci C. A comparative study of solvent effect on propolis extraction by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2024; 6:11–17, doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1445121
  • Kolaylı S, Birinci C, Kara Y, Ozkok A, Samancı AET, Sahin H. A melissopalynological and chemical characterization of Anatolian propolis and an assessment of its antioxidant potential. European Food Research and Technology. 2023; 249:1213–1233, doi.org/10.1007/s00217-023-04208-x
  • Kosar M, Bozan B, Temelli F, Baser KHC. Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) extracts. Food Chem. 2007; 103:952–959, doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.049
  • Kumova U. Önemli Bir Arı Ürünü: Propolis. U. Arı D.-U. Bee J. 2002;02(2):10-24
  • Kut K, Cieniek B, Stefaniuk I, Bartosz G, Sadowska-Bartosz I. A Modification of the ABTS• Decolorization Method and an Insight into Its Mechanism. Processes. 2022; 10:1288, doi.org/10.3390/pr10071288.
  • Momeni A, Maghsoodi H, Rezapour S, Shiravand M, Mardani M. Reduction of expression of IL-18, IL-1β genes in the articular joint by sumac fruit extract (Rhus coriaria L.). Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019;7, doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.664
  • Rayne S, Mazza G. Biological activities of extracts from sumac (Rhus spp.): a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2007; 62:165–75, doi.org/10.1007/S11130-007-0058-4
  • Shabbir A. Rhus Coriaria Linn, A Plant of Medicinal, Nutritional And Industrial Importance: A Review. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2012; 22:505-512
  • Slinkard K, Singleton V L. Total Phenol Analysis: Automation and Comparison with Manual Methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 1977; 28(1): 49–55, doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1974.28.1.49
  • Tohma H, Altay A, Köksal E, Gören AC, Gülçin İ. Measurement of anticancer, antidiabetic and anticholinergic properties of sumac (Rhus coriaria): analysis of its phenolic compounds by LC–MS/MS. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 2019;13:1607–19, doi.org/10.1007/S11694-019-00077-9
  • Ünver A, Özcan MM. Determination Of Physical and Chemical Properties Of Some Sumach (Rhus coriaria L.) Fruits Growing Wild In Turkey. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 2006; 40(20):111–116
  • Zannou O, Oussou KF, Chabi I B, Alamou F, Awad NMH, Miassi YE, Loké FCV, Abdoulaye A, Pashazadeh H, Redha A A, Kpoclou YE, Guclu G, Koca I, Selli S, Ibrahim SA. Phytochemical and nutritional properties of sumac (Rhus coriaria): a potential ingredient for developing functional foods. Journal of Future Foods. 2025; 5(1): 21–35, doi.org/10.1016/j.jfutfo.2024.01.002

Propolis ve Sumak'ın (Rhus coriaria L.) Fenolik ve Antioksidan Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 131 - 139, 30.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.1624649

Öz

Sumak (Rhus coriaria L.), Türkiye'de ve özellikle Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yemeklere belirgin bir renk ve keskin bir tat vermek için yaygın olarak kullanılan ekşi bir baharattır. Propolis, arı kovanlarından toplanan reçineli bir doğal üründür ve çok çeşitli biyolojik olarak aktif özellikleri nedeniyle önemli bir besin takviyesidir. Bu çalışmada, Malatya bölgesinden elde edilen sumak ve propolisin fenolik ve antioksidan özellikleri incelenmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Sumak ve propolisin etanol ekstraktları, toplam fenolik içerik (TPC), toplam flavonoid içerik (TFC) ve fenolik bileşim dahil olmak üzere fenolik özellikleri açısından analiz edilmiştir. Fenolik profil, 26 fenolik standarda dayalı HPLC-PDA kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Antioksidan aktiviteler, ferrik indirgeyici/antioksidan güç (FRAP) testi ve ABTS. radikal süpürücü aktivitesi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Toplam fenolik içerik, sumağın içinde 49,12 mg GAE/g ve propolisin içinde 159,30 mg GAE/g olarak ölçülmüştür. Sumak, gallik asit, protokatekuik asit ve şiringik asit dahil olmak üzere fenolik asitler açısından özellikle zengin bulundu. Buna karşılık, propolis, pinocembrin, hesperetin, kafeik asit ve CAPE gibi daha yüksek bir flavonoid içeriği sergiledi. Krisin, her iki doğal üründe de bulunan yaygın bir flavonoid olarak tanımlandı. Bulgular, sumağın propolise benzer şekilde önemli miktarda biyolojik olarak aktif bileşik içerdiğini ve bu nedenle yalnızca bir baharat olarak değil aynı zamanda bir diyet takviyesi olarak da kullanılma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abbas M, Saeed F, Anjum FM, Afzaal M, Tufail T, Bashir MS, Ishtiaq A, Hussain S, Suleria HAR. Natural polyphenol: An overview. International Journal of Food Properties. 2017; 20(8):1689–1699, doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1220393
  • Alsamri H, Athamneh K, Pintus G, Eid AH, Iratni R. Pharmacological and Antioxidant Activities of Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac). Antioxidants. 2021;10(1):1–28, doi.org/10.3390/Antiox10010073
  • Ashoori F, Fakhar, Goli HR, Mirzaee F, Faridnia R, Kalani H, Shahani S. Antileishmanial and antibacterial activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rhus coriaria L. Annals of Parasitology. 2020;62(2):157–163, doi.org/10.17420/AP6602.250
  • Athamneh K, Hasasna H El, Samri H Al, Attoub S, Arafat K, Benhalilou N, Rashedi A Al, Dhaheri Y Al, Abuqamar S, Eid A, Iratni R. Rhus coriaria increases protein ubiquitination, proteasomal degradation and triggers non-canonical Beclin-1-independent autophagy and apoptotic cell death in colon cancer cells. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7(1), doi.org/10.1038/S41598-017-11202-3
  • Batiha GES, Ogunyemi OM, Shaheen HM, Kutu FR, Olaiya CO, Sabatier JM, De Waard M. Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac), a Versatile and Resourceful Food Spice with Cornucopia of Polyphenols. Molecules. 2022; 27(16): 5179, doi. org/10.3390/molecules27165179
  • Benzie IFF, Strain JJ. The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay. Anal Biochem 1996; 239:70–6, doi.org/10.1006/ABIO.1996.0292
  • Bursal E, Köksal E. Evaluation of reducing power and radical scavenging activities of water and ethanol extracts from sumac (Rhus coriaria L.). Food Research International 2011; 44:2217–21, doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.11.001
  • Can Z, Kara Y, Kolayli S, Çakmak I. Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of propolis from Marmara region, Turkey. J Apic Res 2024; 63:542–8, doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2022.2157582
  • Cano A, Maestre AB, Hernández-Ruiz J, Arnao MB, Cano A, Maestre AB. ABTS/TAC Methodology: Main Milestones and Recent Applications. Processes. 2023; 11:185, doi.org/10.3390/pr11010185
  • Cora M, Buruk CK, Ünsal S, Kaklikkaya N, Kolayli S. Chemical Analysis and in Vitro Antiviral Effects of Northeast Türkiye Propolis Samples against HSV-1. Chem Biodivers. 2023;20, doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202300669
  • Dai J, Mumper R. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules 2010; 15(10), 7313-7352, doi.org/10.3390/molecules15107313
  • Do QD, Angkawijaya AE, Tran-Nguyen PL, Huynh LH, Soetaredjo FE, Ismadji S, Ju YH. Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. Journal of food and drug analysis 2014; 22(3), 296-302, doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
  • Elagbar ZA, Shakya AK, Barhoumi LM, Al-Jaber HI. Phytochemical Diversity and Pharmacological Properties of Rhus coriaria. Chem Biodivers. 2020;17, doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900561
  • Fereidoonfar H, Salehi-Arjmand H, Khadivi A, Akramian M, Safdari L. Chemical variation and antioxidant capacity of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.). Ind Crops Prod. 2019;139, doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111518
  • Fukumoto LR, Mazza G. Assessing antioxidant and prooxidant activities of phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 2000; 48:3597–604, doi.org/10.1021/jf000220w
  • Kara Y, Birinci C. Usability of the phenolic profile analysis method developed in RP-HPLC-PDA in natural products. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature. 2024; 7:14–27, doi.org/10.35206/jan.1430767
  • Kara Y, Can Z, Kolaylı S. What Should Be the Ideal Solvent Percentage and Solvent-Propolis ratio in the Preparation of Ethanolic Propolis Extract? Food Anal Methods. 2022; 15:1707–1719, doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02244-z/tables/6
  • Kasote D, Bankova V, Viljoen AM. Propolis: chemical diversity and challenges in quality control. Phytochem Rev. 2022; 21:1887–1911, doi.org/10.1007/s11101-022-09816-1
  • Khalilpour S, Sangiovanni E, Piazza S, Fumagalli M, Beretta G, Dell’Agli M. In vitro evidences of the traditional use of Rhus coriaria L. fruits against skin inflammatory conditions. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;238, doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111829
  • Kolayli S, Can Z, Yildiz O, Sahin H, Karaoglu SA. A comparative study of the antihyaluronidase, antiurease, antioxidant, antimicrobial and physicochemical properties of different unifloral degrees of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) honeys. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2016;31(sup3):96-104, doi: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1209494
  • Kolaylı S, Birinci C. A comparative study of solvent effect on propolis extraction by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2024; 6:11–17, doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1445121
  • Kolaylı S, Birinci C, Kara Y, Ozkok A, Samancı AET, Sahin H. A melissopalynological and chemical characterization of Anatolian propolis and an assessment of its antioxidant potential. European Food Research and Technology. 2023; 249:1213–1233, doi.org/10.1007/s00217-023-04208-x
  • Kosar M, Bozan B, Temelli F, Baser KHC. Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) extracts. Food Chem. 2007; 103:952–959, doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.049
  • Kumova U. Önemli Bir Arı Ürünü: Propolis. U. Arı D.-U. Bee J. 2002;02(2):10-24
  • Kut K, Cieniek B, Stefaniuk I, Bartosz G, Sadowska-Bartosz I. A Modification of the ABTS• Decolorization Method and an Insight into Its Mechanism. Processes. 2022; 10:1288, doi.org/10.3390/pr10071288.
  • Momeni A, Maghsoodi H, Rezapour S, Shiravand M, Mardani M. Reduction of expression of IL-18, IL-1β genes in the articular joint by sumac fruit extract (Rhus coriaria L.). Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019;7, doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.664
  • Rayne S, Mazza G. Biological activities of extracts from sumac (Rhus spp.): a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2007; 62:165–75, doi.org/10.1007/S11130-007-0058-4
  • Shabbir A. Rhus Coriaria Linn, A Plant of Medicinal, Nutritional And Industrial Importance: A Review. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2012; 22:505-512
  • Slinkard K, Singleton V L. Total Phenol Analysis: Automation and Comparison with Manual Methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 1977; 28(1): 49–55, doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1974.28.1.49
  • Tohma H, Altay A, Köksal E, Gören AC, Gülçin İ. Measurement of anticancer, antidiabetic and anticholinergic properties of sumac (Rhus coriaria): analysis of its phenolic compounds by LC–MS/MS. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 2019;13:1607–19, doi.org/10.1007/S11694-019-00077-9
  • Ünver A, Özcan MM. Determination Of Physical and Chemical Properties Of Some Sumach (Rhus coriaria L.) Fruits Growing Wild In Turkey. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 2006; 40(20):111–116
  • Zannou O, Oussou KF, Chabi I B, Alamou F, Awad NMH, Miassi YE, Loké FCV, Abdoulaye A, Pashazadeh H, Redha A A, Kpoclou YE, Guclu G, Koca I, Selli S, Ibrahim SA. Phytochemical and nutritional properties of sumac (Rhus coriaria): a potential ingredient for developing functional foods. Journal of Future Foods. 2025; 5(1): 21–35, doi.org/10.1016/j.jfutfo.2024.01.002
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği, Geleneksel, Tamamlayıcı ve Bütünleştirici Tıp (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ceren Birinci 0000-0002-0167-6809

Sevgi Kolaylı 0000-0003-0437-6139

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Birinci C, Kolaylı S. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHENOLIC AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS AND SUMAC (RHUS CORIARIA L.). U.Arı D.-U.Bee J. 2025;25(1):131-9.

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