Contention For the Right to Information: Hacktivism as A Social Movement

Elif Kara

doi:10.55609/yenimedya.1524793

Araştırma Makalesi

Bilgi Hakkı Mücadelesi: Bir Toplumsal Hareket Olarak Hacktivizm

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 18, 62 - 85, 30.06.2025

Elif Kara

https://doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1524793

Öz

Toplumsal hareketler, tarihsel gelişmelere ve koşullara uyum sağlayarak önemli ölçüde evrilmiştir. İlk olarak saldırgan ve amaçsız olarak algılanan hareketler özellikle endüstrileşmeye yanıt olarak daha organize formlara dönüşmüşlerdir. II. Dünya Savaşı ve Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde kadın hakları, kimlik ve çevre gibi konular toplumsal hareketlerin konuları arasına dahil olmuştur. Bu dönemden itibaren "Bilgiye erişim hakkı" kavramı, bilginin özgürlüğünü ve erişilebilirliğini vurgulayarak modern bir unsur olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Teknolojik ilerlemeler, hareketleri şekillendiren temel hedefleri ve eylem repertuarlarını dönüştürmüş, bilgiyi kullanarak politikayı etkilemeyi amaçlayan hacktivizm gibi modern bir formun ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. İnternet toplumsal hareketlerin önemli bir parçası haline gelmiş, coğrafi kısıtlamaları aşarak iletişimi, yönetimi ve aktivizmi kolaylaştırmıştır. Toplumsal hareketlerin dijitalleşmesine ilişkin genel literatürün aksine, bu makalede bilginin kamusal ve özgür olması gerektiği fikrini savunan hacktivizmin kendi başına bir toplumsal hareket olduğu savlanmaktadır. Ayrıca hacktivizmin politik sebeplerle hacklemeyi toplumsal hareketler repertuvarına dahil ettiğini, bilgi hakkı için mücadele etmekte olduğunu, politik süreçlere daha fazla müdahil olmak ve yeni bir toplumsal düzen inşa etmek isteyen yeni bir toplumsal hareket olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Bu amaçla farklı örgütsel yapılara ve ideolojik farklılıklara sahip iki hacktivist grup olan Anonymous ve RedHack’in ayırt edici özellikleri incelenmekte ve siyaset bilimi alanlarına katkı sağlayabileceği öngörülen karşılaştırmalı bir analiz ortaya konulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toplumsal hareketler, Hacktivizm, Anonymous, RedHack, bilgi hakkı

Kaynakça

Addley, E., & Halliday, J. (2010, December 8). Operation Payback cripples MasterCard site in revenge for WikiLeaks ban. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/08/operation-payback-mastercard-website-wikileaks
Ankara Emniyet Müdürlüğü’nü hacklediler. (2012, February 27). CNN Türk. https://www.cnnturk.com/guncel/ankara-emniyet-mudurlugunuhacklediler
Anonymous hacker attack on Israeli websites ‘causes little real damage’. (2013, April 8). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/apr/08/anonymous-hackerattack-israeli-websites
Anonymous provides damage report for #OpIsrael. (2013, April 10). Security Affairs. https://securityaffairs.com/13519/hacking/anonymousprovides-damage-report-for-opisrael.html
Anonymous, RedHack’e destek için Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü’nün ve MİT’in sitesini hackledi! (2012, July 19). https://haber.sol.org.tr/devletve-siyaset/anonymous-redhacke-destekicin-emniyet-genel-mudurlugunun-ve-mitinsitesini
Article by Jeff Jacobsen on Project Chanology. (n.d.). Retrieved 27 February 2024, from http://www.lisamcpherson.org/pc.htm
Aybastı, M. K. (Director). (2013). Red! [Belgesel].
Ayres, J. M. (1999). From the Streets to the Internet: The Cyber-Diffusion of Contention. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566, 132–143.
Bell, D. (2014). What Is Liberalism? Political Theory, 42(6), 682–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591714535103
Bennett, W. (2003). Communicating Global Activism. Information, Communication & Society, 6(2), 143–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118032000093860a
Bing, C., & Satter, R. (2023, October 11). Hacktivists stoke Israel-Gaza conflict online. Reuters. https://www. reuters.com/world/middle-east/hacktivists-stoke-israel-gaza-conflictonline- 2023-10-11/
Buechler, S. M. (1995). New Social Movement Theories. The Sociological Quarterly, 36(3), 441–464.
Buechler, S. M. (2013). Mass Society Theory. In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm473
Cairncross, F. (2002). The death of distance. RSA Journal, 149(5502), 40–42.
Caren, N. (2007). Political Process Theory. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology (1st ed.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosp041
Castells, M. (2001). The Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, business, and society. Oxford University Press.
Castells, M. (2015). Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the Internet age (Second edition [revised]). Polity press.
Çayır, K. (1999). Yeni Sosyal Hareketler: Teorik Açılımlar. Kaknüs Yayınları.
Çetinkaya, Y. D. (2008). Toplumsal Hareketler: Tarih, Teori ve Deneyim. İletişim Yayınları.
Dalmia, N. (2023, October 11). Israel-Gaza conflict: Hacktivist groups target Israeli assets, Jerusalem Post. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/israel-gaza-conflict-hacktivistgroups-target-israeli-assets-jerusalem-post/articleshow/104342675.cms?from=mdr
Denning, D. (2000). Activism, Hacktivism, and Cyberterrorism: The Internet as a Tool for Influencing Foreign Policy. Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, 248.
Dworkin, R. (1985). A Matter of Principle. Harvard University Press.
George, J. J., & Leidner, D. E. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization, 29(3), 100249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001
Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of modernity. Polity Press.
Goode, E. (1992). Collective Behavior. Saunders College Pub.
Hacktivists claim they breached Mossad computers. (2013, March 24). Israel Hayom. https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/article/14098538
Halupka, M. (2014). Clicktivism: A Systematic Heuristic. Policy & Internet, 6(2), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/1944-2866.POI355
Halupka, M. (2018). The legitimisation of clicktivism. Australian Journal of Political Science, 53(1), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2017.1416586
Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2012). Declaration. Argo-Navis Author Services.
Hauben, M., & Hauben, R. (1997). Netizens: On the history and impact of Usenet and the Internet. IEEE Computer Society Press.
ICT Cyber Desk. (2015). Case Study – #OpIsrael—AnonGhost (Cyber-Terrorism Activities Report No. 12, pp. 60–65). International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT).
İnternetin tartışılan korsanları... RedHack kimdir? (2016, September 28). Cumhuriyet. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/internetin-tartisilankorsanlari-redhack-kimdir-607603
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İsrail’le barışmayanlar da var: Redhack ve Anonymous İsrail’e saldırı sözünde durdu! (2013, April 7). Sendika.Org. https://sendika.org/2013/04/israille-barismayanlar-da-varr redhack-ve-anonymous-israile-saldiri-sozunde-durdu-101813
Jordan, T. (2002). Activism! Direct Action, Hacktivism and the Future of Society. Reaktion Books.
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Contention For the Right to Information: Hacktivism as A Social Movement

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 18, 62 - 85, 30.06.2025

Elif Kara

https://doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1524793

Öz

Social movements have evolved significantly over time, adapting to historical developments and conditions. Initially perceived as aggressive and aimless, they have transformed into more organised forms, particularly in response to industrialisation. Post-World War II and the Cold War era witnessed a diversification of movements, encompassing issues like women's rights, identity, and the environment. The "right to information" concept has emerged as a modern element, emphasising freedom and accessibility of knowledge. Technological advancements have further reshaped movements, with hacktivism emerging as a modern form, leveraging information to influence politics. The Internet has become integral to social movements, facilitating communication, governance, and activism breaching geographical limitations. However, contrary to the general literature on the digitalisation of social movements, this article asserts that Hacktivism contending on the idea that information is public property and must be free, is a new social movement by itself. It argues that hacktivism is a modern social movement incorporating politically charged hacking into the social movement repertoire and contending for the right to information, demanding more inclusion in political processes and a new societal order. To acknowledge this the article demonstrates the hallmarks of Anonymous and RedHack, two hacktivist groups with different organisational structures and ideological underpinnings and, provides a comparative analysis anticipating that it will avail on political sciences.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social movements, Hacktivism, Anonymous, RedHack, right to information

Kaynakça

Addley, E., & Halliday, J. (2010, December 8). Operation Payback cripples MasterCard site in revenge for WikiLeaks ban. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/08/operation-payback-mastercard-website-wikileaks
Ankara Emniyet Müdürlüğü’nü hacklediler. (2012, February 27). CNN Türk. https://www.cnnturk.com/guncel/ankara-emniyet-mudurlugunuhacklediler
Anonymous hacker attack on Israeli websites ‘causes little real damage’. (2013, April 8). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/apr/08/anonymous-hackerattack-israeli-websites
Anonymous provides damage report for #OpIsrael. (2013, April 10). Security Affairs. https://securityaffairs.com/13519/hacking/anonymousprovides-damage-report-for-opisrael.html
Anonymous, RedHack’e destek için Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü’nün ve MİT’in sitesini hackledi! (2012, July 19). https://haber.sol.org.tr/devletve-siyaset/anonymous-redhacke-destekicin-emniyet-genel-mudurlugunun-ve-mitinsitesini
Article by Jeff Jacobsen on Project Chanology. (n.d.). Retrieved 27 February 2024, from http://www.lisamcpherson.org/pc.htm
Aybastı, M. K. (Director). (2013). Red! [Belgesel].
Ayres, J. M. (1999). From the Streets to the Internet: The Cyber-Diffusion of Contention. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566, 132–143.
Bell, D. (2014). What Is Liberalism? Political Theory, 42(6), 682–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591714535103
Bennett, W. (2003). Communicating Global Activism. Information, Communication & Society, 6(2), 143–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118032000093860a
Bing, C., & Satter, R. (2023, October 11). Hacktivists stoke Israel-Gaza conflict online. Reuters. https://www. reuters.com/world/middle-east/hacktivists-stoke-israel-gaza-conflictonline- 2023-10-11/
Buechler, S. M. (1995). New Social Movement Theories. The Sociological Quarterly, 36(3), 441–464.
Buechler, S. M. (2013). Mass Society Theory. In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm473
Cairncross, F. (2002). The death of distance. RSA Journal, 149(5502), 40–42.
Caren, N. (2007). Political Process Theory. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology (1st ed.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosp041
Castells, M. (2001). The Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, business, and society. Oxford University Press.
Castells, M. (2015). Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the Internet age (Second edition [revised]). Polity press.
Çayır, K. (1999). Yeni Sosyal Hareketler: Teorik Açılımlar. Kaknüs Yayınları.
Çetinkaya, Y. D. (2008). Toplumsal Hareketler: Tarih, Teori ve Deneyim. İletişim Yayınları.
Dalmia, N. (2023, October 11). Israel-Gaza conflict: Hacktivist groups target Israeli assets, Jerusalem Post. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/israel-gaza-conflict-hacktivistgroups-target-israeli-assets-jerusalem-post/articleshow/104342675.cms?from=mdr
Denning, D. (2000). Activism, Hacktivism, and Cyberterrorism: The Internet as a Tool for Influencing Foreign Policy. Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, 248.
Dworkin, R. (1985). A Matter of Principle. Harvard University Press.
George, J. J., & Leidner, D. E. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization, 29(3), 100249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001
Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of modernity. Polity Press.
Goode, E. (1992). Collective Behavior. Saunders College Pub.
Hacktivists claim they breached Mossad computers. (2013, March 24). Israel Hayom. https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/article/14098538
Halupka, M. (2014). Clicktivism: A Systematic Heuristic. Policy & Internet, 6(2), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/1944-2866.POI355
Halupka, M. (2018). The legitimisation of clicktivism. Australian Journal of Political Science, 53(1), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2017.1416586
Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2012). Declaration. Argo-Navis Author Services.
Hauben, M., & Hauben, R. (1997). Netizens: On the history and impact of Usenet and the Internet. IEEE Computer Society Press.
ICT Cyber Desk. (2015). Case Study – #OpIsrael—AnonGhost (Cyber-Terrorism Activities Report No. 12, pp. 60–65). International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT).
İnternetin tartışılan korsanları... RedHack kimdir? (2016, September 28). Cumhuriyet. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/internetin-tartisilankorsanlari-redhack-kimdir-607603
İsrail gizli servisi çöktü. (2013, March 23). Hürriyet. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/teknoloji/israilgizli- servisi-coktu-22877072
İsrail’le barışmayanlar da var: Redhack ve Anonymous İsrail’e saldırı sözünde durdu! (2013, April 7). Sendika.Org. https://sendika.org/2013/04/israille-barismayanlar-da-varr redhack-ve-anonymous-israile-saldiri-sozunde-durdu-101813
Jordan, T. (2002). Activism! Direct Action, Hacktivism and the Future of Society. Reaktion Books.
Jordan, T. (2015). Hacktivism: Operation Tunisia, Modular Tactics and Information Activism. In Information Politics: Liberation and Exploitation in the Digital Society. Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p2xf
Jordan, T., & Taylor, P. (2004). Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebels with a Cause? (0 ed.). Routledge. https://doi. org/10.4324/9780203490037
Kara, E. (2013). Toplumsal Hareketlerin Dönüşümü ve Modern Bir Toplumsal Hareket Olarak Hacktivizm: Anonymous ve Redhack Önekleri. Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
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Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	İnternet
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Elif Kara 0000-0001-7978-4861
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi	30 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi	30 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025 Sayı: 18

Kaynak Göster

APA	Kara, E. (2025). Contention For the Right to Information: Hacktivism as A Social Movement. Yeni Medya(18), 62-85. https://doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1524793

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