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Sosyal Medya ve Kamusal Alan

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 18, 466 - 513, 30.06.2025

Christian Fuchs Çevirmen: Şeyda Koçak Kurt

Öz

Sosyal medya; Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Wikipedia, LinkedIn, Wordpress, Blogspot, Weibo, Pinterest, Foursquare ve Tumblr gibi platformları tanımlamak için Medya ve İletişim Çalışmalarında ve kamusal söylemde anahtar bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Bu makale, kamusal alan kavramının sosyal medyayı eleştirel bir şekilde anlamadaki rolünü tartışmaktadır. Habermas’ın idealist bir yorumuna karşı çıkmakta ve kamusal alan kavramının ekonomi politik temelli kültürel-materyalist bir anlayışını savunmaktadır. Habermas’ın orijinal kavramının güç ilişkileri ve ekonomi politiğe dayanan medya ve kültürün sınırlarını eleştirel bir şekilde inceleyen bir içkin eleştiri yöntemi olarak en iyi şekilde anlaşılması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Makale, günümüz sosyal medya alanının ekonomi, devlet ve sivil toplum alanlarındaki üç antagonizmayı tanımlamak için temel olarak kullandığı teorik bir kamu hizmeti medyası modelini tanıtmaktadır. Çalışma; bu sınırların ancak sosyal medya yaşam dünyasının sömürgeleştirilmesine politik olarak karşı çıkılması ve böylece sosyal medya ve İnternetin kamu hizmeti ve müştereklere dayalı medya haline gelmesi durumunda aşılabileceği sonucuna varmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal medya İnternet Kamusal Alan Jürgen Habermas Ekonomi Politik Kamu Hizmeti Medyası

Kaynakça

  • Adorno, Theodor W. 2003 [1951]. Cultural Criticism and Society. In Can One Live After Auschwitz? A Philosophical Reader, ed. Rolf Tiedemann, 146-162. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Allen, Anita. 2003. Why Privacy Isn’t Everything. Feminist Reflections On Personal Accountability. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Archer, Margaret S. 1995. Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2nd edition.
  • Bardoel, Jo and Gregory Ferrell Lowe. From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Media. In From Public Service Broadcasting To Public Service Media. RIPE@2007, ed. Gregory Ferrell Lowe and Jo Bardoel, 9-26. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Barnett, Steven. 2007. Can the Public Service Broadcaster Survive? Renewal and Compromise in the New BBC Charter. In From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Media. RIPE@2007, ed. Gregory Ferrell Lowe and Jo Bardoel, 87-104. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. 2000/2012. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. 2005. Liquid Life. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Benhabib, Seyla. 1992. Models of Public Space: Hannah Arendt, the Liberal Tradition, and Jürgen Habermas. In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 73-98. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth of Networks. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Bhaskar, Roy. 1993. Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom. London: Verso.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. New York: Routledge.
  • Brevini, Benedetta. 2013. Public service broadcasting online. A comparative European policy study of PSB 2.0. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Burgess, Jean and Joshua Green. 2009. YouTube. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Calhoun, Craig. 1992. Introduction: Habermas and the Public Sphere. In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 1-48. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Caporaso, James A. and David P. Levine. 1992. Theories of Political Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Castells, Manuel. 2009. Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Castells, Manuel. 2012. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the İnternet Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Collins, Richard. 2010. From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Communication. In RIPE@2009: The Public in Public Service Media, ed. Gregory Ferrell Lowe, 53-69. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Collins, Richard. 2011. Public Value, the BBC and Humpty Dumpty Words. In Exporting the Public Value Test. The Regulation of Public Broadcasters’ New media Services Across Europe, ed. Karen Donders and Hallvard Moe, 29-37. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
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  • Couldry, Nick. 2010. Why Voice Matters. Culture and Politics after Neoliberalism. London: Sage.
  • Curran, James. 1991. Rethinking the Media as a Public Sphere. In Communication and Citizenship. Journalism and the Public Sphere, ed. Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks, 27-57. London: Routledge.
  • Curran, James and Jean Seaton. 2010. Power Without Responsibility. Press, Broadcasting and the İnternet in Britain. London: Routledge. 7th edition.
  • Dahlgren, Peter. 1995. Television and the Public Sphere. Citizenship, Democracy and the Media. London: Sage.
  • Donders, Karen. 2011. The Public Value Test. A Reasoned Response or Panic Reaction? In Exporting the Public Value Test. The Regulation of Public Broadcasters’ New Media Services Across Europe, ed. Karen Donders and Hallvard Moe, 29-37. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Eley, Geoff. 1992. Nations, Public and Political Cultures. Placing Habermas in the Nineteenth Century. In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 289-339. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • European Commission. 2009. Communication from the Commission on the Application of State Aid Rules to Public Service Broadcasting.http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do? uri=CELEX:52009XC1027%2801%29:EN:NOT
  • Fraser, Nancy. 1992. Rethinking the Public Sphere. In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 109-142. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2003a. Some Implications of Pierre Bourdieu’s Works for a Theory of Social Self- Organization. European Journal of Social Theory, 6 (4): 387-408.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2003b. Structuration Theory and Self-Organization. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 16 (4): 133-167.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2008. İnternet and Society. Social Theory in the Information Age. New York:
  • Routledge.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2010. Alternative Media as Critical Media. European Journal of Social Theory 13 (2): 173-192.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2011. Towards an Alternative Concept of Privacy. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 9 (4): 220-237.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2013. The Anonymous Movement in the Context of Liberalism and Socialism. Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements 5 (2): 345-376.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2014a. Digital Labour and Karl Marx. New York: Routledge.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2014b. OccupyMedia! The Occupy Movement and Social Media in Crisis Capitalism. Winchester: Zero Books.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2014c. Social Media. A Critical Introduction. London: Sage.
  • Fuchs, Christian and Daniel Trottier. 2013. The İnternet as Surveilled Workplayplace and Factory. In European Data Protection. Coming of Age, edited by Serge Gutwirth, Ronald Leenes, Paul de Hert and Yves Poullet, 33-57. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Furhoff, Lars. 1973. Some Reflections on Newspaper Concentration. Scandinavian Economic History Review 21 (1): 1-27.
  • Garnham, Nicholas. 1990. Capitalism and Communication. Global Culture and the Economics of Information. London: Sage.
  • Garnham, Nicholas. 1992. The Media and the Public Sphere. In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 359-376. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Ghonim, Wael. 2012. Revolution 2.0. The Power of the People Is Greater Than the People in Power. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Goodwin, Peter. 2012. High Noon. The BBC Meets “the West’s Most Daring Dovernment”. In
  • RIPE@2011: Regaining the Initiative for Public Service Media, ed. Gregory Ferrell Lowe and Jeanette Steemers, 63-76. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1984. The Theory of Communicative action. Volume 1. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1987. The Theory of Communicative action. Volume 2. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1989. The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article. In Critical theory and Society. A Reader, ed. Stephen E. Bronner and Douglas Kellner, 136-142. New York: Routledge.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1992. Further Reflections on the Public Sphere and Concluding Remarks In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 421-479. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1996. Between Facts and Norms. Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2006. Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research. Communication Theory 16 (4): 411-426.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2008. Ach, Europa. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2011. Zur Verfassung Europas. Ein Essay. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
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  • Hume, David. 1739. A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Iosifides, Petros. 2010. Pluralism and Funding of Public Service Broadcasting in Europe. In Reinventing Public Service Communication. European Broadcasters and Beyond, ed. Petros Iosifides, 9-22. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jakubowicz, Karol. 2007. Public Service Broadcasting in the 21st century. In From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Media. RIPE@2007, ed. Gregory Ferrell Lowe and Jo Bardoel, 29-49. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Jameson, Frederic. 1988. On Negt and Kluge. October 46: 151-177.
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Social Media and the Public Sphere

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 18, 466 - 513, 30.06.2025

Christian Fuchs Çevirmen: Şeyda Koçak Kurt

Öz

Social media has become a key term in Media and Communication Studies and public discourse for characterising platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Wikipedia, LinkedIn, Wordpress, Blogspot, Weibo, Pinterest, Foursquare and Tumblr. This paper discusses the role of the concept of the public sphere for understanding social media critically. It argues against an idealistic interpretation of Habermas and for a cultural-materialist understanding of the public sphere concept that is grounded in political economy. It sets out that Habermas’ original notion should best be understood as a method of immanent critique that critically scrutinises limits of the media and culture grounded in power relations and political economy. The paper introduces a theoretical model of public service media that it uses as foundation for identifying three antagonisms of the contemporary social media sphere in the realms of the economy, the state and civil society. It concludes that these limits can only be overcome if the colonisation of the social media lifeworld is countered politically so that social media and the İnternet become public service and commons-based media

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social Media İnternet Public Sphere Jürgen Habermas Political Economy Public Service Media

Kaynakça

  • Adorno, Theodor W. 2003 [1951]. Cultural Criticism and Society. In Can One Live After Auschwitz? A Philosophical Reader, ed. Rolf Tiedemann, 146-162. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Allen, Anita. 2003. Why Privacy Isn’t Everything. Feminist Reflections On Personal Accountability. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Archer, Margaret S. 1995. Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2nd edition.
  • Bardoel, Jo and Gregory Ferrell Lowe. From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Media. In From Public Service Broadcasting To Public Service Media. RIPE@2007, ed. Gregory Ferrell Lowe and Jo Bardoel, 9-26. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Barnett, Steven. 2007. Can the Public Service Broadcaster Survive? Renewal and Compromise in the New BBC Charter. In From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Media. RIPE@2007, ed. Gregory Ferrell Lowe and Jo Bardoel, 87-104. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. 2000/2012. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. 2005. Liquid Life. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Benhabib, Seyla. 1992. Models of Public Space: Hannah Arendt, the Liberal Tradition, and Jürgen Habermas. In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 73-98. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth of Networks. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Bhaskar, Roy. 1993. Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom. London: Verso.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. New York: Routledge.
  • Brevini, Benedetta. 2013. Public service broadcasting online. A comparative European policy study of PSB 2.0. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Burgess, Jean and Joshua Green. 2009. YouTube. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Calhoun, Craig. 1992. Introduction: Habermas and the Public Sphere. In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 1-48. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Caporaso, James A. and David P. Levine. 1992. Theories of Political Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Castells, Manuel. 2009. Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Castells, Manuel. 2012. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the İnternet Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Collins, Richard. 2010. From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Communication. In RIPE@2009: The Public in Public Service Media, ed. Gregory Ferrell Lowe, 53-69. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Collins, Richard. 2011. Public Value, the BBC and Humpty Dumpty Words. In Exporting the Public Value Test. The Regulation of Public Broadcasters’ New media Services Across Europe, ed. Karen Donders and Hallvard Moe, 29-37. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Committee of Ministers. 2007. Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)3 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Remit of Public Service Media in the Information Society. https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1089759 (accessed on December 15, 2013)
  • Couldry, Nick. 2010. Why Voice Matters. Culture and Politics after Neoliberalism. London: Sage.
  • Curran, James. 1991. Rethinking the Media as a Public Sphere. In Communication and Citizenship. Journalism and the Public Sphere, ed. Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks, 27-57. London: Routledge.
  • Curran, James and Jean Seaton. 2010. Power Without Responsibility. Press, Broadcasting and the İnternet in Britain. London: Routledge. 7th edition.
  • Dahlgren, Peter. 1995. Television and the Public Sphere. Citizenship, Democracy and the Media. London: Sage.
  • Donders, Karen. 2011. The Public Value Test. A Reasoned Response or Panic Reaction? In Exporting the Public Value Test. The Regulation of Public Broadcasters’ New Media Services Across Europe, ed. Karen Donders and Hallvard Moe, 29-37. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Eley, Geoff. 1992. Nations, Public and Political Cultures. Placing Habermas in the Nineteenth Century. In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 289-339. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • European Commission. 2009. Communication from the Commission on the Application of State Aid Rules to Public Service Broadcasting.http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do? uri=CELEX:52009XC1027%2801%29:EN:NOT
  • Fraser, Nancy. 1992. Rethinking the Public Sphere. In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 109-142. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2003a. Some Implications of Pierre Bourdieu’s Works for a Theory of Social Self- Organization. European Journal of Social Theory, 6 (4): 387-408.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2003b. Structuration Theory and Self-Organization. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 16 (4): 133-167.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2008. İnternet and Society. Social Theory in the Information Age. New York:
  • Routledge.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2010. Alternative Media as Critical Media. European Journal of Social Theory 13 (2): 173-192.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2011. Towards an Alternative Concept of Privacy. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 9 (4): 220-237.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2013. The Anonymous Movement in the Context of Liberalism and Socialism. Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements 5 (2): 345-376.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2014a. Digital Labour and Karl Marx. New York: Routledge.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2014b. OccupyMedia! The Occupy Movement and Social Media in Crisis Capitalism. Winchester: Zero Books.
  • Fuchs, Christian. 2014c. Social Media. A Critical Introduction. London: Sage.
  • Fuchs, Christian and Daniel Trottier. 2013. The İnternet as Surveilled Workplayplace and Factory. In European Data Protection. Coming of Age, edited by Serge Gutwirth, Ronald Leenes, Paul de Hert and Yves Poullet, 33-57. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Furhoff, Lars. 1973. Some Reflections on Newspaper Concentration. Scandinavian Economic History Review 21 (1): 1-27.
  • Garnham, Nicholas. 1990. Capitalism and Communication. Global Culture and the Economics of Information. London: Sage.
  • Garnham, Nicholas. 1992. The Media and the Public Sphere. In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 359-376. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Ghonim, Wael. 2012. Revolution 2.0. The Power of the People Is Greater Than the People in Power. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Goodwin, Peter. 2012. High Noon. The BBC Meets “the West’s Most Daring Dovernment”. In
  • RIPE@2011: Regaining the Initiative for Public Service Media, ed. Gregory Ferrell Lowe and Jeanette Steemers, 63-76. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1984. The Theory of Communicative action. Volume 1. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1987. The Theory of Communicative action. Volume 2. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1989. The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article. In Critical theory and Society. A Reader, ed. Stephen E. Bronner and Douglas Kellner, 136-142. New York: Routledge.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1992. Further Reflections on the Public Sphere and Concluding Remarks In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Calhoun, 421-479. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1996. Between Facts and Norms. Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2006. Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research. Communication Theory 16 (4): 411-426.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2008. Ach, Europa. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2011. Zur Verfassung Europas. Ein Essay. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
  • Hayes, Ben. 2012. The Surveillance-Industrial Complex. In Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies, ed. Kirstie Ball, Kevin D. Haggerty and David Lyon, 167-175. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Horkheimer, Max and Theodor W. Adorno. 2002. Dialectic of Enlightenment. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Hume, David. 1739. A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Iosifides, Petros. 2010. Pluralism and Funding of Public Service Broadcasting in Europe. In Reinventing Public Service Communication. European Broadcasters and Beyond, ed. Petros Iosifides, 9-22. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jakubowicz, Karol. 2007. Public Service Broadcasting in the 21st century. In From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Media. RIPE@2007, ed. Gregory Ferrell Lowe and Jo Bardoel, 29-49. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
  • Jameson, Frederic. 1988. On Negt and Kluge. October 46: 151-177.
  • Jhally, Sut. 1990. The Codes of Advertising. Fetishism and the Political Economy of Meaning in the Consumer Society. New York: Routledge.
  • Jin, Dal Yong. 2013. The Construction of Platform Imperialism in the Globalization Era. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 11 (1): 145-172.
  • Kant, Immanuel. 1784. An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? In The Idea of the Public Sphere. A Reader, ed. Jostein Gripsrud, Hallvard Moe, Anders Molander and Graham Murdock, 3-8. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Kant, Immanuel. 1785. Groundworks of the Metaphysics of Morals. A German-English Edition. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
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Toplam 107 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yeni Medya
Bölüm Çeviri
Yazarlar

Christian Fuchs 0000-0003-0589-4579

Çevirmenler

Şeyda Koçak Kurt 0000-0003-2797-1424

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 20 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 18

Kaynak Göster

APA Fuchs, C. (2025). Sosyal Medya ve Kamusal Alan (Ş. Koçak Kurt, çev.). Yeni Medya(18), 466-513.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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