YOLCU GEMİLERINDEN KAYNAKLANAN ATIK SU KİRLİLİĞİNİN ÖNLENMESİ METHODLARI: ULUSLARARASI VE TÜRK DÜZENLEMELERI ARASİNDAKİ KARŞILAŞTIRMALAR. YAPAY ZEKA (YZ) GEMİLERDEN KAYNAKLI ATIK SU KIRLILIĞI KONUSUNDA KARŞILAŞILAN EN YAYGIN SORUNLARA ÇÖZÜM OLABİLİR Mİ?
Öz
Yolcu gemilerinin, dünya genelinde büyüyen bir ekonomik sektör olması nedeni ile bu gemilerden denize dökülen atık su miktarının da fazla olmasına yol açmıştır. Özellikle, daha büyük kapasiteli yolcu gemilerinin, kanalizasyon atıklarını denize boşaltması nedeniyle deniz kirliliği üzerinde büyük bir etkiye sahipler. Binlerce yolcu ve mürettebat ile birlikte, yolcu gemileri deniz çevresini korumak ve hukuki düzenlemelere uymak için uygun şekilde yönetilmesi gereken önemli miktarda atık üretmektedir. Mevcut uluslararası düzenlemeler, en yakın kara parçasından belirli bir mesafe içinde atık suyun denize deşarjını yasaklamaktadır. Bu düzenleme, yalnızca uluslararası sefer yapan ve içinde minimum 15 kişinin bulunduğu 400GT ve üzeri gemilere uygulanmaktadır. Daha az yolcu taşıyan gemiler Uluslararası düzenlemenin dışında kalmaktadır. Ancak, bu yasal düzenlemelere tabi olmayan atık su deşarj eden daha küçük gemiler bulunmaktadır. Kirlilik okyanusa ulaştığında, deniz ekosistemleri üzerinde olumsuz etki yaratmaktadır. Bu nedenle, mevcut düzenlemeler ve bayrak devletleri, liman devletleri ve klas Kuruluşları gibi yetkililer, açık denizlerde deniz ortamını yeterince koruyamamaktadır. Bu makale, atıksu deşarjının deniz üzerindeki etkisini ve gemilerde üretilen atık suların denizi kirletmesini engelleyen mevcut uluslararası ve ulusal düzenlemeleri analiz edecektir.
Son yıllarda Yapay Zeka (YZ), akıllı iletişim sistemleri ve verimli atık yönetimi teknolojisi ile taşıma endüstrisinde devrim yaratmıştır. Bu makalede, gemilerden boşaltılan atık sudan kaynaklanan kirliliği önleyici mevcut yöntemler incelenecek, mevcut düzenlemelerin deniz çevresini korumak için yeterli olup olmadığınıa ilişkin analiz yapılacak ve çözüm yöntemleri sunulacaktır. Son olarak, çalışma, Yapay Zekanın yolcu gemilerindeki atık su sistemlerinin verimliliğini, güvenilirliğini ve sürdürülebilirliğini nasıl artırdığını inceleyecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
olcu gemileri Yapay Zeka (AI) Kanalizasyon Sistemi Deniz Çevresi MARPOL Atıksu
Kaynakça
- Berlingieri, Francesco, International Maritime Conventions (Volume 3): Protection of the Marine Environment ,1st ed., Informa Law from Routledge., 2015.
- Daniels, Simon, Shipboard Management 1st ed., Routledge, London, 2024.
- Rumana Riffat, Taqsim Husnain, Fundamentals of Wastewater Treatment and Engineering, 2nd ed. Informa Law, 2024.
- Sands Philippe, Principle of International Environmental Law, Cambridge University Press 2nd edition, 2003.
- Soyer Barış, Tettenborn Andrew, Pollution at Sea Law and Liability,1st Edition, Informa Law, London, 2012.
- Techera Erika, McCann Joy, The Unruly Ocean: Law and Justice in the World’s Oceans, Seas and Shorelines, Routledge; 1st edition ,2024.
- Akshat, Arora, MARPOL Annex IV – Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Shipshttps://www.standard-club.com/fileadmin/uploads/standardclub/Documents/Import/news/2019-news/2935886-standard-club-marpol-annex-iv-article.pdf(Access Date: 10.02. 2025).
- Agarwala, Nitin. (2021). Managing Marine Environmental Pollution using Artificial Intelligence. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348815686_Managing_Marine_Environmental_Pollution_using_Artificial_Intelligence, p.120, (Access Date: 27.02 2025).
- Boratav Ali, Mavi Kart, DAU ve teknelerin gri-siyah su atıklarının yönetimi ile ilgili yasal çerçeve metinleri - Türkiye, Birleşmiş Milletler, Avrupa Birliği https://www.maviyolculukrehberi.net/post/mavi-kart-dau-ve-teknelerin-gri-siyah-su-at%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n-y%C3%B6netimi-ile-ilgili-yasal-%C3%A7er%C3%A7eve-metinleri (Access date:11.01. 2025)
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- Durlik, Irmina, Tymoteusz Miller, Ewelina Kostecka, Adrianna Łobodzińska, and Tomasz Kostecki. 2024. "Harnessing AI for Sustainable Shipping and Green Ports: Challenges and Opportunities" Applied Sciences 14, no. 14: 5994. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14145994 p.34(Access Date: 27.02 2025).
- Environment Law No. 2872. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tur7700.pdf(Access date: 15.02. 2025). Gemilerden Atik Alınmasi ve Atıkların Kontrolü Yönetmeliği https://mevzuat.gov.tr/anasayfa/MevzuatFihristDetayIframe?MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatNo=5672&MevzuatTertip=5
- Ergenç, Cem Mehmet, “Mavi Kart Uygulamasının Sürdürülebilir Deniz Turizmine Etkisi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi 13, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 247-66. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.540251. p.253. (Access Date: 11.02 2025)
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- Guidelines of the EC reporting obligations under the Barcelona Convention and its Protocols in force https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/Technical_report_No_45/file(access Date: 15. 01. 2025).
- Hamzeh Yassmin, Marine pollution fines in Turkiye as of 1 January 2023 https://www.standard-club.com/knowledge-news/marine-pollution-fines-in-turkiye-as-of-1-january-2023-4820/#:~:text=The%20Turkish%20Environmental%20Code%201983%20(law%20no.,imposed%20by%20the%20local%20authorities. (accessed 15 February 2025)
- Holger Steinbock, Jörg Heuckeroth, Ship's sewage and garbage (MARPOL Annex IV-V) https://www.deutsche-flagge.de/en/environmental-protection/sewage/sewage#:~:text=inadequate%20reception%20facilities-,No%20discharge%20of%20untreated%20ship's,the%20sea%20(MARPOL%20Annex%20IV)&text=if%20it%20is%20discharged%20from,miles%20from%20the%20nearest%20land. (Access Date: 02. 02. 2025).
- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) https://www.imo.org/en/about/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx(Access Date:11.12. 2024).
- Qing Chen, Wanqing Wu, Yafei Guo, Jingtai Li, Fang Wei, Environmental impact, treatment technology and monitoring system of ship domestic sewage: A review, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 811, 2022 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721064883.,(Access Date: 01.02. 2025). Mavi Kart, DAU ve teknelerin gri-siyah su atıklarının yönetimi ile ilgili yasal çerçeve metinleri - Türkiye, Birleşmiş Milletler, Avrupa Birliği https://www.maviyolculukrehberi.net/post/mavi-kart-dau-ve-teknelerin-gri-siyah-su-at%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n-y%C3%B6netimi-ile-ilgili-yasal-%C3%A7er%C3%A7eve-metinleri
- Managing waste, including wastewater and food disposal, is a critical aspect of operating cruise ships sustainably and responsibly, https://www.cruisingjournal.com/en/cruise-guide/cruise-lines-guide/waste-management-on-cruise-ships#google_vignette .,(Access Date: 15.01.2025). Marsh, Jane, the Effects of Cruise Ship Waste, https://environment.co/the-effects-of-cruise-ship-waste/ (Access Date 06.02.2025).
- MEPC 64/23/Add.1 Annex 22, page 42012 “Guidelines on Implementation of Effluent Standards and Performance Tests for Sewage Treatment Plants “https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Resolution%20MEPC.227(64).pdf (Access Date. 11. 02.2025) MARPOL ANNEX 4 Explained – How to Prevent Pollution from Sewage at Sea at https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/marpol-annex-4-explained-how-to-prevent-pollution-from-sewage-at-sea/.,(Access Date: 03.01. 2025).
- 10 ways AI is being used in Cruises [2025], https://digitaldefynd.com/IQ/ai-in-cruises/#:~:text=9.,by%20ensuring%20proper%20recycling%20practices (Access Date. 01.02. 2025).
- Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Sewage-Default.aspx (Access Date: 11.02. 2025).
- Raunek Kantharia, MARPOL ANNEX 4 Explained – How to Prevent Pollution from Sewage at Sea athttps://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/marpol-annex-4-explained-how-to-prevent-pollution-from-sewage-at-sea/(Acces Date 11.02.2025).
- Rishab Joshi, The Importance of Classification Societies in the Maritime Industry https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/the-importance-of-classification-societies-in-the-maritime-industry/(Access Date:11.02. 2025).
- Schumüller, K., Weichgrebe, D. Köster, S. Biogas potential of organic waste onboard cruise ships — a yet untapped energy source. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 12, 5647–5662 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01249-0(Acces Date: 12.01.2025).
- Şahin, V.; Vardar, N. Determination of Wastewater Behavior of Large Passenger Ships Based on Their Main Parameters in the Pre-Design Stage. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080546(Access date: 03.01. 2025).
- The Amoco Cadiz; ran aground on the coast off France in 1978, rupturing the cargo tank and spilling crude oil into the ocean. https://shipwrecklog.com/log/history/atlantic-empress/;
- Torrey Canyon: The world’s first major oil tanker disaster at https://safety4sea.com/cm-torrey-canyon-the-worlds-first-major-oil-tanker-disaster/(accessed 11 February 2025); International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) https://www.imo.org/en/about/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx/(Access Date: 11.12. 2024).
- Torrey Canyon oil spill: The day the sea turned black at https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-39223308 (Access Date:13. 02.2025).
- Turkish Waters Marine Pollution: Strict Regulation and Extraordinary FinesMaritime Mutual Risk Bulletin No. 69 https://maritime-mutual.com/risk-bulletins/turkish-waters-marine-pollution-strict-regulation-and-extraordinary-fines/(Access Date: 13.02. 2025).
- Türkiye: Update on gray water and black water disposal requirements https://www.sailworldcruising.com/news/251083/Update-on-gray-and-black-water-disposal-requirements; Circular No. 2020/20 on Maritime Waste Management, issued on July 8, 2020. Türk Limanlarında Mavi Kart Uygulaması https://atayat.com/turk-limanlarinda-mavi-kart-uygulamasi/(Access Date: 15.02 2025).
- Ülker, Duygu & Goksu, Serap & Yalcin, Ender & Canbulat, Onder. (2023). Ship-Generated Waste Management in Istanbul Ports: An Analytical Methodology to Evaluate Waste Reception Performance (WRP). Journal of ETA Maritime Science. 11. 259-269. 10.4274/jems.2023.53244. p. 264https://jag.journalagent.com/jems/pdfs/JEMS_11_4_259_269.pdf(Access Date: 15.02 2025).
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- Zahra Ahmed, 6 Causes of Sewage Pollution in The Ocean https://www.marineinsight.com/environment/causes-of-sewage-pollution-in-the-ocean/(Access Date: 17.02 2025).
- https://www.rempec.org/en/knowledge-centre/online-catalogue-items/activity-reports/pleasure-craft(Access Date.30 February 2025).
- https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/cygm/icerikler/genelge-20220910100702.pdf(Access Date: 11.02 2025).
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SEWAGE ON PASSENGER SHIPS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AND TURKISH REGULATIONS. HOW CAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) HELP TO IMPROVE THE MOST COMMON ISSUES WITH SEWAGE SYSTEMS?
Öz
Passenger ships are a growing economic industry worldwide that has faced criticism due to their environmental impact, as they are major wastewater producers in the seas. Especially, ships with larger capacities have a huge impact on the marine environment. With thousands of passengers and crew on board, passenger ships produce significant amounts of waste that must be properly handled to protect the marine environment and comply with regulations. Current international regulations prohibit sewage into the sea within a specified distance from the nearest land. This regulation only applies to vessels of 400GT and above engaged in international voyages and carrying a minimum of 15 persons on board. It does not address ships carrying fewer persons onboard. However, there are smaller vessels around discharging wastewaters that are not subject to these legal regulations. When pollution reaches the ocean, it adversely impacts marine ecosystems. Therefore, current regulations and authorities such as flag states, port states and classification societies fail to adequately protect the marine environment in the high seas. This article addresses the impact of releasing untreated sewage into the sea and the current regulations that control pollution of the sea by sewage.
Meanwhile, in recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought a revolutionary wave of transformation to the shipping industry, such as smart communication systems and efficient waste management. This article will introduce current prevention methods that address the pollution from sewage problem, it aims to identify and tackle the question of whether current regulations are sufficient to protect the marine environment especially concerning ship waste. Lastly, the study will examine how AI enhances the efficiency, reliability and sustainability of sewage systems on passenger ships.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Passenger ships Artificial Intelligence (AI) Sewage System Marine Environment MARPOL Wastewater
Kaynakça
- Berlingieri, Francesco, International Maritime Conventions (Volume 3): Protection of the Marine Environment ,1st ed., Informa Law from Routledge., 2015.
- Daniels, Simon, Shipboard Management 1st ed., Routledge, London, 2024.
- Rumana Riffat, Taqsim Husnain, Fundamentals of Wastewater Treatment and Engineering, 2nd ed. Informa Law, 2024.
- Sands Philippe, Principle of International Environmental Law, Cambridge University Press 2nd edition, 2003.
- Soyer Barış, Tettenborn Andrew, Pollution at Sea Law and Liability,1st Edition, Informa Law, London, 2012.
- Techera Erika, McCann Joy, The Unruly Ocean: Law and Justice in the World’s Oceans, Seas and Shorelines, Routledge; 1st edition ,2024.
- Akshat, Arora, MARPOL Annex IV – Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Shipshttps://www.standard-club.com/fileadmin/uploads/standardclub/Documents/Import/news/2019-news/2935886-standard-club-marpol-annex-iv-article.pdf(Access Date: 10.02. 2025).
- Agarwala, Nitin. (2021). Managing Marine Environmental Pollution using Artificial Intelligence. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348815686_Managing_Marine_Environmental_Pollution_using_Artificial_Intelligence, p.120, (Access Date: 27.02 2025).
- Boratav Ali, Mavi Kart, DAU ve teknelerin gri-siyah su atıklarının yönetimi ile ilgili yasal çerçeve metinleri - Türkiye, Birleşmiş Milletler, Avrupa Birliği https://www.maviyolculukrehberi.net/post/mavi-kart-dau-ve-teknelerin-gri-siyah-su-at%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n-y%C3%B6netimi-ile-ilgili-yasal-%C3%A7er%C3%A7eve-metinleri (Access date:11.01. 2025)
- Capodaglio, Andrea G., and Arianna Callegari. 2025. "Use, Potential, Needs, and Limits of AI in Wastewater Treatment Applications" Water 17, no. 2: 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020170,p.22, (Access Date: 27.02 2025).
- Circular on Marine Waste application article three, https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/cygm/icerikler/genelge-20220910100702.pdf(Access Date: 11.02 2025)
- Decision IG 17/9: Guidelines concerning pleasure craft activities and the protection of the marine environment in the Mediterranean UNEP(DEPI)/MED IG.17/10 Annex V https://www.rempec.org/en/knowledge-centre/online-catalogue-items/activity-reports/pleasure-craft accessed
- Durlik, Irmina, Tymoteusz Miller, Ewelina Kostecka, Adrianna Łobodzińska, and Tomasz Kostecki. 2024. "Harnessing AI for Sustainable Shipping and Green Ports: Challenges and Opportunities" Applied Sciences 14, no. 14: 5994. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14145994 p.34(Access Date: 27.02 2025).
- Environment Law No. 2872. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tur7700.pdf(Access date: 15.02. 2025). Gemilerden Atik Alınmasi ve Atıkların Kontrolü Yönetmeliği https://mevzuat.gov.tr/anasayfa/MevzuatFihristDetayIframe?MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatNo=5672&MevzuatTertip=5
- Ergenç, Cem Mehmet, “Mavi Kart Uygulamasının Sürdürülebilir Deniz Turizmine Etkisi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi 13, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 247-66. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.540251. p.253. (Access Date: 11.02 2025)
- 10 SORUDA denizlerimizin Mavi Kart’la imtihanı https://www.yachtturkiye.com/yazarlar/ali-boratav/10-soruda-denizlerimizin-mavi-kartla-imtihani.html(Access Date: 11.02 2025).
- https://www.denizlerdeyiz.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/k-mavi-kart-GENELGE-2013-12.pdf(access Date: 11.02 2025).
- Guidelines of the EC reporting obligations under the Barcelona Convention and its Protocols in force https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/Technical_report_No_45/file(access Date: 15. 01. 2025).
- Hamzeh Yassmin, Marine pollution fines in Turkiye as of 1 January 2023 https://www.standard-club.com/knowledge-news/marine-pollution-fines-in-turkiye-as-of-1-january-2023-4820/#:~:text=The%20Turkish%20Environmental%20Code%201983%20(law%20no.,imposed%20by%20the%20local%20authorities. (accessed 15 February 2025)
- Holger Steinbock, Jörg Heuckeroth, Ship's sewage and garbage (MARPOL Annex IV-V) https://www.deutsche-flagge.de/en/environmental-protection/sewage/sewage#:~:text=inadequate%20reception%20facilities-,No%20discharge%20of%20untreated%20ship's,the%20sea%20(MARPOL%20Annex%20IV)&text=if%20it%20is%20discharged%20from,miles%20from%20the%20nearest%20land. (Access Date: 02. 02. 2025).
- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) https://www.imo.org/en/about/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx(Access Date:11.12. 2024).
- Qing Chen, Wanqing Wu, Yafei Guo, Jingtai Li, Fang Wei, Environmental impact, treatment technology and monitoring system of ship domestic sewage: A review, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 811, 2022 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721064883.,(Access Date: 01.02. 2025). Mavi Kart, DAU ve teknelerin gri-siyah su atıklarının yönetimi ile ilgili yasal çerçeve metinleri - Türkiye, Birleşmiş Milletler, Avrupa Birliği https://www.maviyolculukrehberi.net/post/mavi-kart-dau-ve-teknelerin-gri-siyah-su-at%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n-y%C3%B6netimi-ile-ilgili-yasal-%C3%A7er%C3%A7eve-metinleri
- Managing waste, including wastewater and food disposal, is a critical aspect of operating cruise ships sustainably and responsibly, https://www.cruisingjournal.com/en/cruise-guide/cruise-lines-guide/waste-management-on-cruise-ships#google_vignette .,(Access Date: 15.01.2025). Marsh, Jane, the Effects of Cruise Ship Waste, https://environment.co/the-effects-of-cruise-ship-waste/ (Access Date 06.02.2025).
- MEPC 64/23/Add.1 Annex 22, page 42012 “Guidelines on Implementation of Effluent Standards and Performance Tests for Sewage Treatment Plants “https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Resolution%20MEPC.227(64).pdf (Access Date. 11. 02.2025) MARPOL ANNEX 4 Explained – How to Prevent Pollution from Sewage at Sea at https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/marpol-annex-4-explained-how-to-prevent-pollution-from-sewage-at-sea/.,(Access Date: 03.01. 2025).
- 10 ways AI is being used in Cruises [2025], https://digitaldefynd.com/IQ/ai-in-cruises/#:~:text=9.,by%20ensuring%20proper%20recycling%20practices (Access Date. 01.02. 2025).
- Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Sewage-Default.aspx (Access Date: 11.02. 2025).
- Raunek Kantharia, MARPOL ANNEX 4 Explained – How to Prevent Pollution from Sewage at Sea athttps://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/marpol-annex-4-explained-how-to-prevent-pollution-from-sewage-at-sea/(Acces Date 11.02.2025).
- Rishab Joshi, The Importance of Classification Societies in the Maritime Industry https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/the-importance-of-classification-societies-in-the-maritime-industry/(Access Date:11.02. 2025).
- Schumüller, K., Weichgrebe, D. Köster, S. Biogas potential of organic waste onboard cruise ships — a yet untapped energy source. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 12, 5647–5662 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01249-0(Acces Date: 12.01.2025).
- Şahin, V.; Vardar, N. Determination of Wastewater Behavior of Large Passenger Ships Based on Their Main Parameters in the Pre-Design Stage. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080546(Access date: 03.01. 2025).
- The Amoco Cadiz; ran aground on the coast off France in 1978, rupturing the cargo tank and spilling crude oil into the ocean. https://shipwrecklog.com/log/history/atlantic-empress/;
- Torrey Canyon: The world’s first major oil tanker disaster at https://safety4sea.com/cm-torrey-canyon-the-worlds-first-major-oil-tanker-disaster/(accessed 11 February 2025); International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) https://www.imo.org/en/about/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx/(Access Date: 11.12. 2024).
- Torrey Canyon oil spill: The day the sea turned black at https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-39223308 (Access Date:13. 02.2025).
- Turkish Waters Marine Pollution: Strict Regulation and Extraordinary FinesMaritime Mutual Risk Bulletin No. 69 https://maritime-mutual.com/risk-bulletins/turkish-waters-marine-pollution-strict-regulation-and-extraordinary-fines/(Access Date: 13.02. 2025).
- Türkiye: Update on gray water and black water disposal requirements https://www.sailworldcruising.com/news/251083/Update-on-gray-and-black-water-disposal-requirements; Circular No. 2020/20 on Maritime Waste Management, issued on July 8, 2020. Türk Limanlarında Mavi Kart Uygulaması https://atayat.com/turk-limanlarinda-mavi-kart-uygulamasi/(Access Date: 15.02 2025).
- Ülker, Duygu & Goksu, Serap & Yalcin, Ender & Canbulat, Onder. (2023). Ship-Generated Waste Management in Istanbul Ports: An Analytical Methodology to Evaluate Waste Reception Performance (WRP). Journal of ETA Maritime Science. 11. 259-269. 10.4274/jems.2023.53244. p. 264https://jag.journalagent.com/jems/pdfs/JEMS_11_4_259_269.pdf(Access Date: 15.02 2025).
- Vilotijević, Alex, Matulja, Tin, Hadjina, Marko, Bolf, Davor. (2020). Modern Equipment for Waste Management on Cruise Ships, Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science (Access Date: 11 February 2025).
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Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hukuk (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 26 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 10 Mart 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 29 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2 |
