Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 49 - 55, 25.08.2021
Öz
Obesity is an important public health problem that is common worldwide. With obesity, there is an increase in many diseases, including hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, which are risk factors for COVID-19. In 2009, obesity was first defined as a risk factor for disease severity and mortality in infected individuals in the pandemic caused by H1N1 Influenza A virus affecting the upper respiratory tract. Then, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus MERS-CoV , which emerged in 2012, was also found to be more common in individuals with obesity. These findings, which show that obesity increases the risk of disease severity and death in viral respiratory infections, suggest that obesity may increase the risk of another viral respiratory disease, COVID-19. Studies show that individuals with obesity suffer from COVID-19 disease more severely than individuals with normal body weight, and their intensive care unit needs are higher. Obesity is a risk factor for more severe COVID-19 disease due to a low-grade inflammatory condition and weakened immunity. There are studies in the literature showing that obesity as well as low body weight negatively affect the outcomes of COVID-19 disease. These studies revealed that COVID-19 patients with low body weight are at greater risk of mechanical ventilation and death. It has been observed that low body mass index and low body weight especially in infected elderly individuals increase the severity of COVID-19. Therefore, individuals having ideal body weight can prevent the negative consequences of COVID-19 disease. In addition, healthy nutrition plays an important role in the optimal functioning of the immune system and weight control.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet 2020; 395 10223 :497-506. [crossref]
- Cintoni M, Rinninella E, Annetta MG, Mele MC. Nutritional management in hospital setting during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a real-life experience. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2020; 74 5 :846-847. [crossref]
- Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C, Tsoupras A. COVID-19: The inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation. Nutrients 2020; 12 5 :1466. [crossref]
- Muniyappa R, Gubbi S. COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2020; 318 5 :e736-E741. [crossref]
- Mancuso P. Obesity and respiratory infections: does excess adiposity weigh down host defense?. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013; 26 4 :412-419. [crossref]
- Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Brouns F, Buetler T, Clement K, Cunningham K, et al. Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. British Journal of Nutrition 2011; 106 S3 :S1-S78. [crossref]
- Dobner J, Kaser S. Body mass index and the risk of infection-from underweight to obesity. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2018; 24 1 :24-28. [crossref]
- Wu D, Lewis ED, Pae M, Meydani SN. Nutritional modulation of immune function: analysis of evidence, mechanisms, and clinical relevance. Frontiers in Immunology 2019; 9:3160. [crossref]
- Calder PC. Feeding the immune system. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2013; 72 3 :299-309. [crossref]
- Castelo-Branco C, Soveral I. The immune system and aging: a review. Gynecological Endocrinology 2014; 30 1 :16-22. [crossref]
- McKechnie JL, Blish CA. The innate immune system: fighting on the front lines or fanning the flames of COVID-19?. Cell Host & Microbe 2020; 27 6 :863- 869. [crossref]
- Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. Journal of Medical Virology 2020; 92 4 :424-432. [crossref]
- Andersen CJ, Murphy KE, Fernandez ML. Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity. Advances in Nutrition 2016; 7 1 :66-75. [crossref]
- Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Blomberg BB. Ageing and obesity similarly impair antibody responses. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2017; 187 1 :64-70. [crossref]
- De Rosa V, Procaccini C, La Cava A, Chieffi P, Nicoletti GF, Fontana S, et al. Leptin neutralization interferes with pathogenic T cell autoreactivity in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006; 116 2 :447-455. [crossref]
- Pehlivan LT, Gürbüz M. Obezite, COVID-19 pandemisinde risk faktörü müdür?. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences 2020; 5 2 :313-322. [crossref]
- O’Shea D, Hogan AE. Dysregulation of natural killer cells in obesity. Cancers 2019; 11 4 :573. [crossref]
- Huttunen R, Syrjänen J. Obesity and the outcome of infection. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2010; 10 7 :442-443. [crossref]
- Morgan OW, Bramley A, Fowlkes A, Freedman DS, Taylor TH, Gargiullo P, et al. Morbid obesity as a risk factor for hospitalization and death due to 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 disease. PloS One 2010; 5 3 :e9694. [crossref]
- Honce R, Schultz-Cherry S. Impact of obesity on influenza A virus pathogenesis, immune response, and evolution. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019; 10:1071. [crossref]
- Badawi A, Ryoo SG. Prevalence of comorbidities in the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS-CoV : a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2016; 49:129-133. [crossref]
- Milner JJ, Beck MA. Obesity and influenza infection severity. Future Virology 2014; 9 3 :223-225. [crossref]
- Díaz E, Rodríguez A, Martin-Loeches I, Lorente L, del Mar Martín M, Pozo JC, et al. Impact of obesity in patients infected with 2009 influenza A H1N1 . Chest 2011; 139 2 :382-386. [crossref]
- Fezeu L, Julia C, Henegar A, Bitu J, Hu FB, Grobbee DE, et al. Obesity is associated with higher risk of intensive care unit admission and death in influenza A H1N1 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews 2011; 12 8 :653-659. [crossref]
- Hagau N, Slavcovici A, Gonganau DN, Oltean S, Dirzu DS, Brezoszki ES, et al. Clinical aspects and cytokine response in severe H1N1 influenza A virus infection. Critical Care 2010; 14 6 :1-10. [crossref]
- Green WD, Beck MA. Obesity impairs the adaptive immune response to influenza virus. Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2017; 14 Supplement 5 :S406-S409. [crossref]
- Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, Sterling S, Johnson D, Francois F, et al. Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for Covid-19 hospital admission. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020; 71 15 :896-897. [crossref]
- Mahase E. Covid-19: most patients require mechanical ventilation in first 24 hours of critical care. BMJ 2020; 368, m1201. [crossref]
- Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, Raverdy V, Noulette J, Duhamel A, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 SARS-CoV-2 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity 2020; 28 7 :1195-1199. [crossref]
- Zheng KI, Gao F, Wang XB, Sun QF, Pan KH, Wang TY, et al. Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2020; 108:154244. [crossref]
- Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, Rajagopalan H, O’Donnell L, Chernyak Y, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020; 369:m1966. [crossref]
- Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, Cummings C, Holstein R, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019—COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2020; 69 15 :458- 464. [crossref]
- Peng YD, Meng K, Guan HQ, Leng L, Zhu RR, Wang BY, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019-nCoV. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2020; 48 6 :450-455. [crossref]
- Gu T, Mack JA, Salvatore M, Sankar SP, Valley TS, Singh K, et al. COVID-19 outcomes, risk factors and associations by race: a comprehensive analysis using electronic health records data in Michigan Medicine. medRxiv 2020. [crossref]
- Giannouchos TV, Sussman RA, Mier JM, Poulas K, Farsalinos K. Characteristics and risk factors for COVID-19 diagnosis and adverse outcomes in Mexico: an analysis of 89,756 laboratory–confirmed COVID-19 cases. European Respiratory Journal 2020; 57 3 :2002144. [crossref]
- Popkin BM, Du S, Green WD, Beck MA, Algaith T, Herbst CH, et al. Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships. Obesity Reviews 2020; 21 11 :e13128. [crossref]
- Gao F, Zheng KI, Wang XB, Sun QF, Pan KH, Wang TY, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for greater COVID-19 severity. Diabetes Care 2020; 43 7 :e72-74. [crossref]
- Kass DA, Duggal P, Cingolani O. Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages. Lancet 2020; 395 10236 :1544-1545. [crossref]
- Uzogara SG. Underweight, the less discussed type of unhealthy weight and its implications: a review. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research 2016; 3 5 :126-142.
- Taylor AK, Cao W, Vora KP, Cruz JDL, Shieh WJ, Zaki SR, et al. Protein energy malnutrition decreases immunity and increases susceptibility to influenza infection in mice. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2013; 207 3 :501-510. [crossref]
- Harpsİe MC, Nielsen NM, Friis-Mİller N, Andersson M, Wohlfahrt J, Linneberg A, et al. Body mass index and risk of infections among women in the Danish National Birth Cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology 2016; 183 11 :1008-1017. [crossref]
- Dorner TE, Schwarz F, Kranz A, Freidl W, Rieder A, Gisinger C. Body mass index and the risk of infections in institutionalised geriatric patients. British Journal of Nutrition 2010; 103 12 :1830-1835. [crossref]
- Moser JAS, Galindo-Fraga A, Ortiz-Hernández AA, Gu W, Hunsberger S, Galán-Herrera JF, et al. Underweight, overweight, and obesity as independent risk factors for hospitalization in adults and children from influenza and other respiratory viruses. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 2019; 13 1 :3-9. [crossref]
- Kvamme JM, Olsen JA, Florholmen J, Jacobsen BK. Risk of malnutrition and health-related quality of life in community-living elderly men and women: The Tromsİ study. Quality of Life Research 2011; 20 4 :575-582. [crossref]
- Chapman IM. Nutritional disorders in the elderly. Medical Clinics 2006; 90 5 :887-907. [crossref]
- Veronese N, Cereda E, Solmi M, Fowler SA, Manzato E, Maggi S, et al. Inverse relationship between body mass index and mortality in older nursing home residents: a meta-analysis of 19,538 elderly subjects. Obesity Reviews 2015; 16 11 :1001-1015. [crossref]
- Kim TS, Roslin M, Wang JJ, Kane J, Hirsch JS, Kim EJ. BMI as a Risk Factor for Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in New York. Obesity 2021; 29 2 :279-284. [crossref]
- Kim SY, Yoo DM, Min C, Wee JH, Kim JH, Choi HG. Analysis of Mortality and Morbidity in COVID-19 Patients with Obesity Using Clinical Epidemiological Data from the Korean Center for Disease Control & Prevention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020; 17 24 :9336. [crossref]
- Jayanama K, Srichatrapimuk S, Thammavaranucupt K, Kirdlarp S, Suppadungsuk S, Wongsinin T, et al. The association between body mass index and severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID-19 : A cohort study. PloS One 2021; 16 2 :e0247023. [crossref]
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Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 49 - 55, 25.08.2021
Öz
Obezite, dünya genelinde yaygın olarak görülen önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Obezite ile birlikte COVID-19 için risk faktörü olan hipertansiyon, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ve diyabet dahil olmak üzere birçok hastalıkta artış görülmektedir. 2009 yılında üst solunum yolunu etkileyen H1N1 Influenza A virüsünün neden olduğu pandemide, obezite ilk kez enfekte bireylerde hastalık şiddeti ve mortalite için bir risk faktörü olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ardından 2012’de ortaya çıkan Orta Doğu Solunum Sendromu Koronavirüsünün MERS-CoV de obezitesi olan bireylerde daha yaygın olduğu görülmüştür. Viral solunum enfeksiyonlarında obezitenin hastalığın şiddeti ve ölüm riskini artırdığını gösteren bu bulgular, obezitenin başka bir viral solunum hastalığı olan COVID-19 riskini artırabileceğini düşündürmüştür. Literatür, obezitesi olan bireylerin normal vücut ağırlığına sahip olan bireylere göre COVID-19 hastalığını daha şiddetli geçirdiğini ve yoğun bakım ünitesi ihtiyaçlarının daha fazla olduğunu göstermektedir. Obezite düşük dereceli inflamatuvar durum ve zayıflamış bağışıklık nedeniyle daha şiddetli COVID-19 hastalığı için bir risk faktörüdür. Literatürde obezitenin yanı sıra düşük vücut ağırlığının da COVID-19 hastalığının sonuçlarını olumsuz yönde etkilediğini gösteren çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmalar, düşük vücut ağırlığına sahip COVID-19 hastalarının mekanik ventilasyon ve ölüm açısından daha fazla risk altında olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Özellikle enfekte yaşlı bireylerde düşük beden kütle indeksi ve zayıflığın COVID-19’un şiddetini arttırdığı görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla bireylerin ideal vücut ağırlığına sahip olmaları COVID-19 hastalığının olumsuz sonuçlarını önleyebilir. Bunlara ek olarak bağışıklık sisteminin en iyi şekilde çalışmasında ve ağırlık kontrolünün sağlanmasında sağlıklı beslenme önemli bir yer tutmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet 2020; 395 10223 :497-506. [crossref]
- Cintoni M, Rinninella E, Annetta MG, Mele MC. Nutritional management in hospital setting during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a real-life experience. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2020; 74 5 :846-847. [crossref]
- Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C, Tsoupras A. COVID-19: The inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation. Nutrients 2020; 12 5 :1466. [crossref]
- Muniyappa R, Gubbi S. COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2020; 318 5 :e736-E741. [crossref]
- Mancuso P. Obesity and respiratory infections: does excess adiposity weigh down host defense?. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013; 26 4 :412-419. [crossref]
- Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Brouns F, Buetler T, Clement K, Cunningham K, et al. Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. British Journal of Nutrition 2011; 106 S3 :S1-S78. [crossref]
- Dobner J, Kaser S. Body mass index and the risk of infection-from underweight to obesity. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2018; 24 1 :24-28. [crossref]
- Wu D, Lewis ED, Pae M, Meydani SN. Nutritional modulation of immune function: analysis of evidence, mechanisms, and clinical relevance. Frontiers in Immunology 2019; 9:3160. [crossref]
- Calder PC. Feeding the immune system. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2013; 72 3 :299-309. [crossref]
- Castelo-Branco C, Soveral I. The immune system and aging: a review. Gynecological Endocrinology 2014; 30 1 :16-22. [crossref]
- McKechnie JL, Blish CA. The innate immune system: fighting on the front lines or fanning the flames of COVID-19?. Cell Host & Microbe 2020; 27 6 :863- 869. [crossref]
- Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. Journal of Medical Virology 2020; 92 4 :424-432. [crossref]
- Andersen CJ, Murphy KE, Fernandez ML. Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity. Advances in Nutrition 2016; 7 1 :66-75. [crossref]
- Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Blomberg BB. Ageing and obesity similarly impair antibody responses. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2017; 187 1 :64-70. [crossref]
- De Rosa V, Procaccini C, La Cava A, Chieffi P, Nicoletti GF, Fontana S, et al. Leptin neutralization interferes with pathogenic T cell autoreactivity in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006; 116 2 :447-455. [crossref]
- Pehlivan LT, Gürbüz M. Obezite, COVID-19 pandemisinde risk faktörü müdür?. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences 2020; 5 2 :313-322. [crossref]
- O’Shea D, Hogan AE. Dysregulation of natural killer cells in obesity. Cancers 2019; 11 4 :573. [crossref]
- Huttunen R, Syrjänen J. Obesity and the outcome of infection. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2010; 10 7 :442-443. [crossref]
- Morgan OW, Bramley A, Fowlkes A, Freedman DS, Taylor TH, Gargiullo P, et al. Morbid obesity as a risk factor for hospitalization and death due to 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 disease. PloS One 2010; 5 3 :e9694. [crossref]
- Honce R, Schultz-Cherry S. Impact of obesity on influenza A virus pathogenesis, immune response, and evolution. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019; 10:1071. [crossref]
- Badawi A, Ryoo SG. Prevalence of comorbidities in the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS-CoV : a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2016; 49:129-133. [crossref]
- Milner JJ, Beck MA. Obesity and influenza infection severity. Future Virology 2014; 9 3 :223-225. [crossref]
- Díaz E, Rodríguez A, Martin-Loeches I, Lorente L, del Mar Martín M, Pozo JC, et al. Impact of obesity in patients infected with 2009 influenza A H1N1 . Chest 2011; 139 2 :382-386. [crossref]
- Fezeu L, Julia C, Henegar A, Bitu J, Hu FB, Grobbee DE, et al. Obesity is associated with higher risk of intensive care unit admission and death in influenza A H1N1 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews 2011; 12 8 :653-659. [crossref]
- Hagau N, Slavcovici A, Gonganau DN, Oltean S, Dirzu DS, Brezoszki ES, et al. Clinical aspects and cytokine response in severe H1N1 influenza A virus infection. Critical Care 2010; 14 6 :1-10. [crossref]
- Green WD, Beck MA. Obesity impairs the adaptive immune response to influenza virus. Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2017; 14 Supplement 5 :S406-S409. [crossref]
- Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, Sterling S, Johnson D, Francois F, et al. Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for Covid-19 hospital admission. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020; 71 15 :896-897. [crossref]
- Mahase E. Covid-19: most patients require mechanical ventilation in first 24 hours of critical care. BMJ 2020; 368, m1201. [crossref]
- Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, Raverdy V, Noulette J, Duhamel A, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 SARS-CoV-2 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity 2020; 28 7 :1195-1199. [crossref]
- Zheng KI, Gao F, Wang XB, Sun QF, Pan KH, Wang TY, et al. Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2020; 108:154244. [crossref]
- Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, Rajagopalan H, O’Donnell L, Chernyak Y, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020; 369:m1966. [crossref]
- Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, Cummings C, Holstein R, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019—COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2020; 69 15 :458- 464. [crossref]
- Peng YD, Meng K, Guan HQ, Leng L, Zhu RR, Wang BY, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019-nCoV. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2020; 48 6 :450-455. [crossref]
- Gu T, Mack JA, Salvatore M, Sankar SP, Valley TS, Singh K, et al. COVID-19 outcomes, risk factors and associations by race: a comprehensive analysis using electronic health records data in Michigan Medicine. medRxiv 2020. [crossref]
- Giannouchos TV, Sussman RA, Mier JM, Poulas K, Farsalinos K. Characteristics and risk factors for COVID-19 diagnosis and adverse outcomes in Mexico: an analysis of 89,756 laboratory–confirmed COVID-19 cases. European Respiratory Journal 2020; 57 3 :2002144. [crossref]
- Popkin BM, Du S, Green WD, Beck MA, Algaith T, Herbst CH, et al. Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships. Obesity Reviews 2020; 21 11 :e13128. [crossref]
- Gao F, Zheng KI, Wang XB, Sun QF, Pan KH, Wang TY, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for greater COVID-19 severity. Diabetes Care 2020; 43 7 :e72-74. [crossref]
- Kass DA, Duggal P, Cingolani O. Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages. Lancet 2020; 395 10236 :1544-1545. [crossref]
- Uzogara SG. Underweight, the less discussed type of unhealthy weight and its implications: a review. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research 2016; 3 5 :126-142.
- Taylor AK, Cao W, Vora KP, Cruz JDL, Shieh WJ, Zaki SR, et al. Protein energy malnutrition decreases immunity and increases susceptibility to influenza infection in mice. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2013; 207 3 :501-510. [crossref]
- Harpsİe MC, Nielsen NM, Friis-Mİller N, Andersson M, Wohlfahrt J, Linneberg A, et al. Body mass index and risk of infections among women in the Danish National Birth Cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology 2016; 183 11 :1008-1017. [crossref]
- Dorner TE, Schwarz F, Kranz A, Freidl W, Rieder A, Gisinger C. Body mass index and the risk of infections in institutionalised geriatric patients. British Journal of Nutrition 2010; 103 12 :1830-1835. [crossref]
- Moser JAS, Galindo-Fraga A, Ortiz-Hernández AA, Gu W, Hunsberger S, Galán-Herrera JF, et al. Underweight, overweight, and obesity as independent risk factors for hospitalization in adults and children from influenza and other respiratory viruses. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 2019; 13 1 :3-9. [crossref]
- Kvamme JM, Olsen JA, Florholmen J, Jacobsen BK. Risk of malnutrition and health-related quality of life in community-living elderly men and women: The Tromsİ study. Quality of Life Research 2011; 20 4 :575-582. [crossref]
- Chapman IM. Nutritional disorders in the elderly. Medical Clinics 2006; 90 5 :887-907. [crossref]
- Veronese N, Cereda E, Solmi M, Fowler SA, Manzato E, Maggi S, et al. Inverse relationship between body mass index and mortality in older nursing home residents: a meta-analysis of 19,538 elderly subjects. Obesity Reviews 2015; 16 11 :1001-1015. [crossref]
- Kim TS, Roslin M, Wang JJ, Kane J, Hirsch JS, Kim EJ. BMI as a Risk Factor for Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in New York. Obesity 2021; 29 2 :279-284. [crossref]
- Kim SY, Yoo DM, Min C, Wee JH, Kim JH, Choi HG. Analysis of Mortality and Morbidity in COVID-19 Patients with Obesity Using Clinical Epidemiological Data from the Korean Center for Disease Control & Prevention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020; 17 24 :9336. [crossref]
- Jayanama K, Srichatrapimuk S, Thammavaranucupt K, Kirdlarp S, Suppadungsuk S, Wongsinin T, et al. The association between body mass index and severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID-19 : A cohort study. PloS One 2021; 16 2 :e0247023. [crossref]
- Tokunaga M, Takahashi T, B Singh R, Rupini D, Toda E, Nakamura T, et al. Diet, nutrients and noncommunicable diseases. The Open Nutraceuticals Journal 2012; 5 1 :146-159 [crossref]
- Tsoupras A, Lordan R, Zabetakis I. Inflammation, not cholesterol, is a cause of chronic disease. Nutrients 2018; 10 5 :604. [crossref]
- Green WD, Karlsson EA, Beck MA. Viral infections and nutrition: influenza virus as a case study. In Nutrition and Infectious Diseases. Humana, Cham 2020. pp 133-163. [crossref]
- Beck MA, Handy J, Levander OA. Host nutritional status: the neglected virulence factor. Trends in Microbiology 2004; 12 9 :417-423. [crossref]
- Naja F, Hamadeh R. Nutrition amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-level framework for action. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2020; 74 8 :1117- 1121. [crossref]
- Gleeson M, Nieman DC, Pedersen BK. Exercise, nutrition and immune function. Journal of sports sciences 2004; 22 1 :115-125. [crossref]
- Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini, S. A review of micronutrients and the immune system–working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients 2020; 12 1 :236. [crossref]
- de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani C, Corgosinho FC, Sanches FLFZ, Prado CMM, Laviano A, Mota JF. Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrition Reviews 2020; 79 4 :382-393. [crossref]
- Wang B, Li R, Lu Z, Huang Y. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19: evidence from meta-analysis. Aging Albany NY 2020; 12 7 :6049-6057. [crossref]
- Chandra RK. Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on immune responses and infection in elderly subjects. Lancet London England 1992; 340 8828 :1124-1127. [crossref]
- Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Savastano S, Colao A. Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020; 74 6 :850-851. [crossref]
- Mendes MM, Hart KH, Botelho PB, Lanham-New SA. Vitamin D status in the tropics: Is sunlight exposure the main determinant?. Nutrition Bulletin 2018; 43 4 :428–434. [crossref]
- Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009; 169 4 :384-390. [crossref]
- Ali N. Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity. Journal of Infection and Public Health 2020; 13 10 :1373-1380. [crossref]
- Martineau AR, Forouhi NG. Vitamin D for COVID-19: a case to answer?. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2020; 8 9 :735-736. [crossref]
- Looman M, Van den Berg C, Geelen A, Samlal RA, Heijligenberg R, Klein Gunnewiek JM, et al. Supplement use and dietary sources of folate, vitamin D, and n-3 fatty acids during preconception: the GLIMP2 study. Nutrients 2018; 10 8 :962. [crossref]
- Eskici G. Covid-19 pandemisi: Karantina için beslenme önerileri. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 2020; 25 Special Issue on COVID 19 :124-129. [crossref]
- Bakır BO. Sağlıklı erişkinlerde beslenme önerileri ve danışmanlığı. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği. 2017; 9 2 :48-50. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ktah/ issue/47179/572586
- Uzdil Z, Saka M. Yağ asitlerinin inflamasyonla ilişkili süreçlere etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi 2020; 48 2 :68-74. [crossref]
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Derleme |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Ağustos 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2 |