Assessment of Susceptibility to Downy Mildew Disease in Some Grape Varieties and Genotypes Using Marker-Assisted Selection
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 231 - 247, 30.06.2025
Adem Yağcı
,
Abdurrahim Bozkurt
,
Davut Soner Akgül
,
Selda Daler
Öz
The leaves of the vine plant, like its fruits, are used in human nutrition and meals in many countries. Grape leaves serve as an important ingredient in traditional foods. In Türkiye, the leaves of Narince, Sultani Çekirdeksiz and Yapıncak grape varieties are preferred for stuffed grape leaf production. However, pesticide residues generate a serious problem for brined vine leaves. Fungicides with different active ingredients are used to combat downy mildew and powdery mildew diseases in viticulture. Improper use of these chemicals results in serious residue problems on product surfaces. Such cases pose serious threats to human health and the environment. This study used the marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) method to identify individuals containing genes resistant to Plasmopara viticola in grape genotypes obtained through hybridization. The presence of the Rpv3 gene in hybrid individuals was examined. Total nucleic acids were extracted from fresh leaves of the plants, and the regions related to the Rpv3 gene were amplified on the genomic DNA with GF18-06/GF18-08 primers. PCR products were visualized using an agarose gel electrophoresis system, and allele gene sizes were also determined by fragment analysis. MAS method yielded 27 genotypes with the Rpv3 gene. DNA sizes were also confirmed by fragment analysis. The promising genotypes were selected for future studies.
Etik Beyan
Ethical approval is not required for this study because it is not a retrospective study.
Kaynakça
- Akkurt, M., Şenses, I., Aktürk, B., Tozlu, I., Özer, N., & Uzun, H. (2022). Marker assisted selection (MAS) for downy mildew resistance in grapevines using Rpv3. 1 associated markers. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 50(1). DOI:10.15835/nbha50112708
- Anonymous, (2023). Kavaklıdere Şarapları. http://www.kavaklidere.com/tr (24.03.2023).
- Atak, A. (2024). Vitis species for stress tolerance/resistance. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-02106-z
- Atak, A., Akkurt, M., Polat, Z., Çelik, H., Kahraman, K., Akgül, D., ... & Eibach, R. (2017). Susceptibility to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) of different Vitis cultivars and genotypes. Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola, 32(1). file:///C:/Users/pcx/Downloads/ctv20173201p23.pdf
- Bakırcı, G. T., Çınar, E., & Karakaya, S. (2019). Pesticide residues in grape leaves collected from Manisa. Academic Food Journal, 17(1), 55-60. DOI: 10.24323/akademik-gida.544073
- Bozkurt, A. (2023). Improve of new powdery mildew tolerant grape cultivars for stuffed vine leaf (Doctoral Thesis), Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Universitesi, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Horticulture, Tokat.
- Bozkurt, A. , Yağcı, A. & Akgül, D. S. (2023). Time-Dependent Variation of Susceptibility of Some Grape Cultivars to Powdery Mildew Infections. Bahçe, 10. Turkey Viticulture and Technologies Symposium, 300-308. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2979987
- Bozkurt, A., & Yağcı, A. (2024). Determination of the possibility of using some hybrid vine genotypes as stuffed vine leaves. Gaziosmanpasa Journal of Scientific Research, 13(1), 31-42. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3742290
- Buonassisi, D., Colombo, M., Migliaro, D., Dolzani, C., Peressotti, E., Mizzotti, C., Velasco, R., Masiero, S., Perazzolli, M., & Vezzulli, S. (2017). Breeding for grapevine downy mildew resistance: a review of ‘‘omics’’ approaches. Euphytica, 213,103.
- Burger, P., Bouquet, A., & Striem, M. J. (2009). Grape breeding. Breeding plantation tree crops: Tropical species, Springer,Chapter 5, 161-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71201-7_5
- Cangi, R., & Yağcı, A. (2017). Production of grapevine leaves from vineyard to table. Nevşehir Journal of Science and Technology, 6, 137-148. DOI: 10.17100/nevbiltek.288316
- Cangi, R., Yanar, Y., Yağcı, A., Topçu, N., & Sucu, S. (2014). The effect of picking period and brining applications on fungicide residue levels in brined vine leaves production. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University, 31(2), 23-30.
- Coleman, C., Copetti, D., Cipriani, G., Hoffmann, S., Kozma, P., Kovács, L., ... & Di Gaspero, G. (2009). The powdery mildew resistance gene REN1 co-segregates with an NBS-LRR gene cluster in two Central Asian grapevines. BMC genetics, 10(1), 1-20. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-89
- Di Gaspero, G., Copetti, D., Coleman, C., Castellarin S.D., Eibach, R., Kozma, P., Lacombe, 5 T., Gambetta, G., Zvyagin, A., Cindrić, P., Kovács, L., Morgante, M., & Testolin, R. (2012). 6 Selective sweep at the Rpv3 locus during grapevine breeding for downy mildew resistance. 7 Theor Appl. Genet., 124, 227-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-011-1703-8
- Doğu, D. M., Atak, A., & Özer, N. (2023). An overview of the studies on resistance to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) on grapevines in Türkiye. Viticulture Studies, 3(1), 41-55. doi.org/10.52001/vis.2023.19.41.55
- Doyğacı, Y., Boztepe, Ö., Kandilli, G. G., & Atak, A. (2024). Embryo recovery (rescue) studies in different Vitis species. BMC Plant Biology, 24(1), 822. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-024-05539-x
- Eibach, R., & Töpfer, R. (2015). Traditional grapevine breeding techniques. In Grapevine breeding programs for the wine industry. Woodhead Publishing, 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-075-0.00001-6
- Eibach, R., Zyprian, E., Welter, L., & Topfer, R. (2007). The use of molecular markers for pyramiding resistance genes in grapevine breeding. Vitis-Geilweilerhof, 46(3), 120.
- Eisenmann, B., Czemmel, S., Ziegler, T., Buchholz, G., Kortekamp, A., Trapp, O., Rausch, T., Dry, I., & Bogs, J. (2019). Rpv3 – 1 mediated resistance to grapevine downy mildew is associated with specific host transcriptional responses and the accumulation of stilbenes. BMC Plant Biol., 19, 1-17. doi: 10.1186/s12870-019-1935-3
- El Nehir S., Kavas A., & Karakaya S. (1997). Nutrient composition of stuffed vine leaves: A mediterranean diatery. Journal of Food Quality, 20, 337-341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.1997.tb00476.x
- Fischer, B. M., Salakhutdinov, I., Akkurt, M., Eibach, R., Edwards, K. J., Toepfer, R., & Zyprian, E. M. (2004). Quantitative trait locus analysis of fungal disease resistance factors on a molecular map of grapevine. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 108, 501-515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-003-1445-3
- Foria, S. (2015). The Rpv3 locus in grapevine: DNA variation and relevance for conventional breeding. Dissertation, Università degli Studi di Udine. https://air.uniud.it/handle/11390/1132809
- Foria, S., Copetti, D., Eisenmann, B., Magris, G., Vidotto, M., & Scalabrin, S., (2020). Gene duplication and transposition of mobile elements drive evolution of the Rpv3 resistance locus in grapevine. Plant J., 101(3), 529-542. doi: 10.1111/tpj.14551
- Foria, S., Magris, G., Morgante, M., & Di Gaspero, G. (2018). The genetic background modulates the intensity of Rpv3-dependent downy mildew resistance in grapevine. Plant Breed, 137, 220-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12564
- Hoffmann, S., Di Gaspero, G., Kovács, L., Howard, S., Kiss, E., Galbács, Z., ... & Kozma, P. (2008). Resistance to Erysiphe necator in the grapevine ‘Kishmish vatkana’ is controlled by a single locus through restriction of hyphal growth. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 116(3), 427-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0680-4
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331062575
- Kozma, P., Kiss, E., Hoffmann, S., Galbacs, Z. S., & Dula, T. (2006, July). Using the powdery mildew resistant Muscadinia rotundifolia and Vitis vinifera'Kishmish vatkana'for breeding new cultivars. In IX International Conference on Grape Genetics and Breeding, 827, 559-64.
10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.827.97
- Krul, W. R., & Mowbray, G. H. (1984). Grapes. In: Sharp WR, Evans DA, Ammirato PV, Yamady Y (eds) Handbook of plant cell culture (pp. 396-434), vol 2. Crop species. MacMillan, New York.
- Lodhi, M. A., Ye, G. N., Weeden, N. F., Reisch, B. I., & Daly, M. J. (1995). A molecular marker based linkage map of Vitis. Genome, 38(4), 786-794. https://doi.org/10.1139/g95-100
- Monteiro, F., Sebastiana, M., Pais, M. S., & Figueiredo, A. (2013). Reference gene selection and validation for the early responses to downy mildew infection in susceptible and resistant Vitis vinifera cultivars. PloS one, 8(9), e72998. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072998
- Piccolo, S. L., Alfonzo, A., Conigliaro, G., Moschetti, G., Burruano, S., & Barone, A. (2012). A simple and rapid DNA extraction method from leaves of grapevine suitable for polymerase chain reaction analysis. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(45), 10305. DOI:10.5897/AJB11.3023
- Polat, İ., & Suluhan, E. (2024). Determination of Resistance to Mildew and Powdery Mildew Diseases of Narince x Regent Cross F1 Genotypes by Molecular Markers. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2), 770-779.
- Possamai, T., Migliaro, D., Gardiman, M., Velasco, R., & De Nardi, B. (2020). Rpv mediated defense responses in grapevine offspring resistant to Plasmopara viticola. Plants, 9(6), 781. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060781
- Reynolds, A. G. (Ed.). (2015). Grapevine breeding programs for the wine industry. Elsevier.
- Schwander F., Eibach R., Fechter I., Hausmann L., Zyprian E., & Töpfer R. (2021). Rpv10: a new locus from the Asian Vitis gene pool for pyramiding downy mildew resistance loci in grapevine. Theor. Appl. Genet., 124, 163-176. DOI 10.1007/s00122-011-1695-4.
- Şenses, İ. (2020). Marker assisted selection of downy mildew resistance in hybrid grapevine genotipes. (Master Thesis), Ankara University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Horticulture, Ankara.
- Shidfar, M., Akkurt, M., Atak, A., Ergül, A., & Söylemezoğlu, G. (2019). Evaluation of grapevine resistance to downy and powdery mildew in ‘Regent’בBoğazkere’ hybrid population segregating for resistance genes. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(1), 181-188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.1.18
- Töpfer, R., Hausmann, L., & Eibach, R. (2011). Molecular breeding. Genetics, Genomics, and Breeding Of Grapes, 160-185.
- Uzun, İ., Özer, N., Akkurt, M., Özer, C., & Aydın, S. (2018). Asmalarda Mildiyö Hastalığına Dayanıklılığın Marköre Dayalı Seleksiyon ve Fenotipleme Yardımıyla Erken Teşhisi. TÜBİTAK Proje No: 1150176; Antalya.
- Verma, M. K., Singh, S. K., Patel, V. B., & Kumar, C. (2019). Grape improvement. Singh SK, Patel VB, Goswami AK, Prakash Jai & Kumar C (eds), Breeding of perennial horticultural crops. Biotech Books, Chapter 24, 283-314. New Delhi.
- VIVC, (2020). Vitis International Variety Catalogue VIVC. https://www.vivc.de/ (Access date: 06.06.2020).
- Vivier, M. A., & Pretorius, I. S. (2000). Genetic improvement of grapevine: Tailoring grape varieties for the third millennium-a review. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 21(1), 5-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21548/21-1-3556
- Welter, L. J., Göktürk-Baydar, N., Akkurt, M., Maul, E., Eibach, R., Töpfer, R., & Zyprian, E. M. (2007). Genetic mapping and localization of quantitative trait loci affecting fungal disease resistance and leaf morphology in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Molecular Breeding, 20(4), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-007-9097-7
- Wilcox, W. F., Gubler, W. D., & Uyemoto, J. K. (Eds.). (2015). Compendium of grape diseases, disorders, and pests. Tomball, TX: APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, 39-45 https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/titel/2098746
- Yanar, Y., Yanar, D., Erdal, G., Erdal, H., & Yurttaş, F., (2017). Plant Protection Issues Encountered in Vineyards of Manisa Province and Producer Consciousness Level. Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 20(1), 18-26.
- Yıldırım, Z. (2016). Determination of powdery mildew and downy mildew resistance in different grapevine genotypes via marker assisted selection cultivated in Black Sea and Marmara Region (Master Thesis), Ankara University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Ankara.
- Yıldırım, Z., Atak, A., & Akkurt, M. (2019). Determination of downy and powdery mildew resistance of some Vitis spp. Ciencia e Tecnica Vitivinicola, 34(1). 10.1051/ctv/20193401015
- Zyprian, E., Eibach, R., & T¨opfer, R. (2003) Comparative molecular mapping in segregating populations of grapevine. Acta Hortic, 603, 73-77. 10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.603.5
- Zyprian, E., Ochßner, I., Schwander, F., Šimon, S., Hausmann, L., Bonow-Rex, M., ... & Töpfer, R. (2016). Quantitative trait loci affecting pathogen resistance and ripening of grapevines. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 291(4), 1573-1594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-016-1200-5
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 231 - 247, 30.06.2025
Adem Yağcı
,
Abdurrahim Bozkurt
,
Davut Soner Akgül
,
Selda Daler
Kaynakça
- Akkurt, M., Şenses, I., Aktürk, B., Tozlu, I., Özer, N., & Uzun, H. (2022). Marker assisted selection (MAS) for downy mildew resistance in grapevines using Rpv3. 1 associated markers. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 50(1). DOI:10.15835/nbha50112708
- Anonymous, (2023). Kavaklıdere Şarapları. http://www.kavaklidere.com/tr (24.03.2023).
- Atak, A. (2024). Vitis species for stress tolerance/resistance. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-02106-z
- Atak, A., Akkurt, M., Polat, Z., Çelik, H., Kahraman, K., Akgül, D., ... & Eibach, R. (2017). Susceptibility to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) of different Vitis cultivars and genotypes. Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola, 32(1). file:///C:/Users/pcx/Downloads/ctv20173201p23.pdf
- Bakırcı, G. T., Çınar, E., & Karakaya, S. (2019). Pesticide residues in grape leaves collected from Manisa. Academic Food Journal, 17(1), 55-60. DOI: 10.24323/akademik-gida.544073
- Bozkurt, A. (2023). Improve of new powdery mildew tolerant grape cultivars for stuffed vine leaf (Doctoral Thesis), Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Universitesi, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Horticulture, Tokat.
- Bozkurt, A. , Yağcı, A. & Akgül, D. S. (2023). Time-Dependent Variation of Susceptibility of Some Grape Cultivars to Powdery Mildew Infections. Bahçe, 10. Turkey Viticulture and Technologies Symposium, 300-308. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2979987
- Bozkurt, A., & Yağcı, A. (2024). Determination of the possibility of using some hybrid vine genotypes as stuffed vine leaves. Gaziosmanpasa Journal of Scientific Research, 13(1), 31-42. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3742290
- Buonassisi, D., Colombo, M., Migliaro, D., Dolzani, C., Peressotti, E., Mizzotti, C., Velasco, R., Masiero, S., Perazzolli, M., & Vezzulli, S. (2017). Breeding for grapevine downy mildew resistance: a review of ‘‘omics’’ approaches. Euphytica, 213,103.
- Burger, P., Bouquet, A., & Striem, M. J. (2009). Grape breeding. Breeding plantation tree crops: Tropical species, Springer,Chapter 5, 161-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71201-7_5
- Cangi, R., & Yağcı, A. (2017). Production of grapevine leaves from vineyard to table. Nevşehir Journal of Science and Technology, 6, 137-148. DOI: 10.17100/nevbiltek.288316
- Cangi, R., Yanar, Y., Yağcı, A., Topçu, N., & Sucu, S. (2014). The effect of picking period and brining applications on fungicide residue levels in brined vine leaves production. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University, 31(2), 23-30.
- Coleman, C., Copetti, D., Cipriani, G., Hoffmann, S., Kozma, P., Kovács, L., ... & Di Gaspero, G. (2009). The powdery mildew resistance gene REN1 co-segregates with an NBS-LRR gene cluster in two Central Asian grapevines. BMC genetics, 10(1), 1-20. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-89
- Di Gaspero, G., Copetti, D., Coleman, C., Castellarin S.D., Eibach, R., Kozma, P., Lacombe, 5 T., Gambetta, G., Zvyagin, A., Cindrić, P., Kovács, L., Morgante, M., & Testolin, R. (2012). 6 Selective sweep at the Rpv3 locus during grapevine breeding for downy mildew resistance. 7 Theor Appl. Genet., 124, 227-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-011-1703-8
- Doğu, D. M., Atak, A., & Özer, N. (2023). An overview of the studies on resistance to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) on grapevines in Türkiye. Viticulture Studies, 3(1), 41-55. doi.org/10.52001/vis.2023.19.41.55
- Doyğacı, Y., Boztepe, Ö., Kandilli, G. G., & Atak, A. (2024). Embryo recovery (rescue) studies in different Vitis species. BMC Plant Biology, 24(1), 822. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-024-05539-x
- Eibach, R., & Töpfer, R. (2015). Traditional grapevine breeding techniques. In Grapevine breeding programs for the wine industry. Woodhead Publishing, 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-075-0.00001-6
- Eibach, R., Zyprian, E., Welter, L., & Topfer, R. (2007). The use of molecular markers for pyramiding resistance genes in grapevine breeding. Vitis-Geilweilerhof, 46(3), 120.
- Eisenmann, B., Czemmel, S., Ziegler, T., Buchholz, G., Kortekamp, A., Trapp, O., Rausch, T., Dry, I., & Bogs, J. (2019). Rpv3 – 1 mediated resistance to grapevine downy mildew is associated with specific host transcriptional responses and the accumulation of stilbenes. BMC Plant Biol., 19, 1-17. doi: 10.1186/s12870-019-1935-3
- El Nehir S., Kavas A., & Karakaya S. (1997). Nutrient composition of stuffed vine leaves: A mediterranean diatery. Journal of Food Quality, 20, 337-341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.1997.tb00476.x
- Fischer, B. M., Salakhutdinov, I., Akkurt, M., Eibach, R., Edwards, K. J., Toepfer, R., & Zyprian, E. M. (2004). Quantitative trait locus analysis of fungal disease resistance factors on a molecular map of grapevine. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 108, 501-515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-003-1445-3
- Foria, S. (2015). The Rpv3 locus in grapevine: DNA variation and relevance for conventional breeding. Dissertation, Università degli Studi di Udine. https://air.uniud.it/handle/11390/1132809
- Foria, S., Copetti, D., Eisenmann, B., Magris, G., Vidotto, M., & Scalabrin, S., (2020). Gene duplication and transposition of mobile elements drive evolution of the Rpv3 resistance locus in grapevine. Plant J., 101(3), 529-542. doi: 10.1111/tpj.14551
- Foria, S., Magris, G., Morgante, M., & Di Gaspero, G. (2018). The genetic background modulates the intensity of Rpv3-dependent downy mildew resistance in grapevine. Plant Breed, 137, 220-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12564
- Hoffmann, S., Di Gaspero, G., Kovács, L., Howard, S., Kiss, E., Galbács, Z., ... & Kozma, P. (2008). Resistance to Erysiphe necator in the grapevine ‘Kishmish vatkana’ is controlled by a single locus through restriction of hyphal growth. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 116(3), 427-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0680-4
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331062575
- Kozma, P., Kiss, E., Hoffmann, S., Galbacs, Z. S., & Dula, T. (2006, July). Using the powdery mildew resistant Muscadinia rotundifolia and Vitis vinifera'Kishmish vatkana'for breeding new cultivars. In IX International Conference on Grape Genetics and Breeding, 827, 559-64.
10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.827.97
- Krul, W. R., & Mowbray, G. H. (1984). Grapes. In: Sharp WR, Evans DA, Ammirato PV, Yamady Y (eds) Handbook of plant cell culture (pp. 396-434), vol 2. Crop species. MacMillan, New York.
- Lodhi, M. A., Ye, G. N., Weeden, N. F., Reisch, B. I., & Daly, M. J. (1995). A molecular marker based linkage map of Vitis. Genome, 38(4), 786-794. https://doi.org/10.1139/g95-100
- Monteiro, F., Sebastiana, M., Pais, M. S., & Figueiredo, A. (2013). Reference gene selection and validation for the early responses to downy mildew infection in susceptible and resistant Vitis vinifera cultivars. PloS one, 8(9), e72998. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072998
- Piccolo, S. L., Alfonzo, A., Conigliaro, G., Moschetti, G., Burruano, S., & Barone, A. (2012). A simple and rapid DNA extraction method from leaves of grapevine suitable for polymerase chain reaction analysis. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(45), 10305. DOI:10.5897/AJB11.3023
- Polat, İ., & Suluhan, E. (2024). Determination of Resistance to Mildew and Powdery Mildew Diseases of Narince x Regent Cross F1 Genotypes by Molecular Markers. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2), 770-779.
- Possamai, T., Migliaro, D., Gardiman, M., Velasco, R., & De Nardi, B. (2020). Rpv mediated defense responses in grapevine offspring resistant to Plasmopara viticola. Plants, 9(6), 781. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060781
- Reynolds, A. G. (Ed.). (2015). Grapevine breeding programs for the wine industry. Elsevier.
- Schwander F., Eibach R., Fechter I., Hausmann L., Zyprian E., & Töpfer R. (2021). Rpv10: a new locus from the Asian Vitis gene pool for pyramiding downy mildew resistance loci in grapevine. Theor. Appl. Genet., 124, 163-176. DOI 10.1007/s00122-011-1695-4.
- Şenses, İ. (2020). Marker assisted selection of downy mildew resistance in hybrid grapevine genotipes. (Master Thesis), Ankara University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Horticulture, Ankara.
- Shidfar, M., Akkurt, M., Atak, A., Ergül, A., & Söylemezoğlu, G. (2019). Evaluation of grapevine resistance to downy and powdery mildew in ‘Regent’בBoğazkere’ hybrid population segregating for resistance genes. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(1), 181-188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.1.18
- Töpfer, R., Hausmann, L., & Eibach, R. (2011). Molecular breeding. Genetics, Genomics, and Breeding Of Grapes, 160-185.
- Uzun, İ., Özer, N., Akkurt, M., Özer, C., & Aydın, S. (2018). Asmalarda Mildiyö Hastalığına Dayanıklılığın Marköre Dayalı Seleksiyon ve Fenotipleme Yardımıyla Erken Teşhisi. TÜBİTAK Proje No: 1150176; Antalya.
- Verma, M. K., Singh, S. K., Patel, V. B., & Kumar, C. (2019). Grape improvement. Singh SK, Patel VB, Goswami AK, Prakash Jai & Kumar C (eds), Breeding of perennial horticultural crops. Biotech Books, Chapter 24, 283-314. New Delhi.
- VIVC, (2020). Vitis International Variety Catalogue VIVC. https://www.vivc.de/ (Access date: 06.06.2020).
- Vivier, M. A., & Pretorius, I. S. (2000). Genetic improvement of grapevine: Tailoring grape varieties for the third millennium-a review. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 21(1), 5-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21548/21-1-3556
- Welter, L. J., Göktürk-Baydar, N., Akkurt, M., Maul, E., Eibach, R., Töpfer, R., & Zyprian, E. M. (2007). Genetic mapping and localization of quantitative trait loci affecting fungal disease resistance and leaf morphology in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Molecular Breeding, 20(4), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-007-9097-7
- Wilcox, W. F., Gubler, W. D., & Uyemoto, J. K. (Eds.). (2015). Compendium of grape diseases, disorders, and pests. Tomball, TX: APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, 39-45 https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/titel/2098746
- Yanar, Y., Yanar, D., Erdal, G., Erdal, H., & Yurttaş, F., (2017). Plant Protection Issues Encountered in Vineyards of Manisa Province and Producer Consciousness Level. Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 20(1), 18-26.
- Yıldırım, Z. (2016). Determination of powdery mildew and downy mildew resistance in different grapevine genotypes via marker assisted selection cultivated in Black Sea and Marmara Region (Master Thesis), Ankara University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Ankara.
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