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Sivas Havzası Kuzey Kenar Eosen İstifi: Fasiyes ve Çökelme Ortamı

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 82 - 91, 30.06.2025

Özgen Kangal

Abstract

Sivas Havzası kuzey kenarı Eosen istifinde yürütülen bu çalışmada 11 fasiyes ayırtlanmıştır. Karbonatların baskın olduğu ve silisikastiklerin karbonatlara eşlik ettiği bu fasiyeslerden oluşturulan fasiyes toplulukları kıyıdan denizin derin kesimlerine kadar ulaşan farklı çökelim ortamlarını yansıtmaktadır. Birbirleriyle dereceli geçişli bu fasiyes topluğu-çökelme ortamları, düşük eğimli yokuş tipi bir çökelme alanının varlığını göstermektedir. Kara-kıyıda alüvyon yelpazeleri- yelpaze deltalar; korunaklı korunaklı sığ denizel ortamlarda porselen kalker kavkılı formaniferlerli istiftaşı-vaketaşı; yüksek enerjili sığ denizel ortamlarda ise hiyali kalker kavkılı foraminifer-alg içeren istiftaşı-bağlamtaşı ve kalkarenitler çökelmiştir. Daha derinde, fırtına dalga tabanı altındaki düşük enerjili denizel ortamlarda ise planktonlu çamurtaşı izlenir. Bu fasiyes ve ortam çeşitliliğini denetleyen ana etmen su derinliği-enerji koşullarıdır. Fırtınanın etkin olduğu dönemlerde bu çökeller yer yer yeniden işlenmiş ve karışmıştır.

Keywords

Eosen karbonat yokuşu mikrofasiyes Sivas Havzası

Supporting Institution

Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu

Project Number

YDABAG 101Y039

References

  • [1] Kurtman, F., (1973). Sivas-Hafik-Zara ve İmranlı bölgesinin jeolojik ve tektonik yapısı: M.T.A. Derg., 80, 1-32.
  • [2] Tatar, Y., (1977). Ofiyolitli Çamlibel (Yildizeli) bölgesinin stratigrafisi ve petrografisi. MTA Bull., 88, 56-75.
  • [3] Yılmaz, A. ve Özer, S., (1984). Kuzey Anadolu Bindirme Kuşağının Akdağmadeni (Yozgat) ile Karaçayır (Sivas) arasındaki bölümünün temel jeoloji incelemesi ve Tersiyer havzasının yapısal evrimi. Ketin Simpozyumu, 163-174s.
  • [4] İnan, N. ve İnan, S., (1999). Tokuş Formasyonunun yaşı ve çökelme ortamına ilişkin yeni bulgular (Sivas, Türkiye). Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 42 (1), 119-130.
  • [5] Tekeli, O., Varol, B. ve Gökten, E., (1992). Sivas Havzasının batı kesiminin jeolojisi (Tuzla gölü-Tecer dağı arası) T.P.A.O. rap., No:3178.
  • [6] Gökten, E., (1993). Yildizeli (Sivas) güneyinde Akdağ metamorfitleri ve örtü kayalarının stratigrafisi ve tektonigi. TJK Bulletin, 36, 1, p. 83-93.
  • [7] Folk, R.L., (1959). Practical Petrographic Classification of Limestones. AAPG Bulletin, 43, 1-38.
  • [8] Folk, R.L., (1962). Spectral subdivision of limestone types. In: Ham WE(ed) Classification of carbonate rocks. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Mem 1, 62–84.
  • [9] Dunham, R.J., (1962). Classification of carbonate rocks according to their depositional texture. AAPG Mem 1: 108–121
  • [10] Wilson, J.L., (1975). Carbonate facies in geological history. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York 471 pp
  • [11] Flügel, E., (2004). Microfacies of carbonate rocks. In: Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Springer, p. 976.
  • [12] Burchette, T.P., Wright, V.P., (1992). Carbonate ramp depositional systems. Sediment. Geol. 79, 3–57.
  • [13] Yılmaz, A., (1981). Sivas ile Tokat arasındaki bölgede ofiyolitli karışığın kökeni, iç yapısı ve yerleşme yaşı, T.J.k. Bült., 28, 79-82.
  • [14] Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241. 15
  • [15] Görür, N., Şengör, AMC., Akkök, R., Yılmaz, Y., (1984). Sedimentological evidence on the opening of the northern branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean (in Turkish). Turkish Geol Soc Bult 26: 11–20
  • [16] Poisson, A., Guezou, J.C., Temiz, H., Gürsoy, H., İnan, S., Öztürk, A., Kavak, K. ve Özden, S., (1996). Tectonic setting and evolution of the Sivas basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. International Geological Review, 38, 838-853.
  • [17] Guezou, JC., Temiz, H., Poisson, A., Gürsöy, H., (1996). Tectonics of the Sivas Basin. The Neogene record of the Anatolian accretion along the Inner Tauride suture. Int Geol Rev 38: 901-925.
  • [18] Gökten, E., (1983). Şarkışla (Sivas) güney-güneydoğusunun stratigrafisi ve jeolojik evrimi. Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült., 26, 167-176s.
  • [19] Gündoğan, İ., Önal, M., Depçi, T., (2005). Sedimentology, petrography, and diagenesis of Eocene-Oligocene evaporites: the Tuzhisar Formation, SW Sivas Basin, Turkey. J Asian Earth Sci 25: 791-803.
  • [20] Gökçen, SL., Kelling, G., (1985). Oligocene deposits of the Zara-Hafik region (Sivas, Central Turkey): evolution from storminfluenced shelf to evaporitic basin. Geol Rundsch 74: 139-153
  • [21] Ringenbach, J.-C., Salel, J.-F., Kergaravat, C., Ribes, C., Bonnel, C., & Callot, J.-P. (2013). Salt tectonics in the Sivas Basin, Turkey: outstanding seismic analogues from outcrops. First Break, 31(6), 93–101.
  • [22] Callot, JP., Ribes, C., Kergaravat, C., Bonnel, C., Temiz, H., Poisson, A., Vrielynck, B., Salel, JF., Ringenbach, JC., (2014). Salt tectonics in the Sivas Basin (Turkey): crossing salt walls and minibasins. B Soc Geol Fr 185: 33-42.
  • [23] Legeay, E., Pichat, A., Kergaravat, C., Ribes, C., Callot, J.P., Ringenbach, J.C., Bonnel, C., Hoareau, G., Poisson, A., Mohn, G., Crumeyrolle, P., Kavak, KS., & Temiz, H., (2018): Geology of the Central Sivas Basin (Turkey), Journal of Maps 15: 406-417.
  • [24] Cater, J.M.L., Hanna, S.S., Ries, A.C. and Turner, P., (1991). Tertiary evolution of the Sivas Basin, central Turkey. Tectonophysics, 195, 29-46.
  • [25] Ribes, C., Kergaravat, C., Bonnel, C., Crumeyrolle, P., Callot, JP., Poisson, A., Temiz, H., Ringenbach, JC., (2015). Fluvial sedimentation in a salt-controlled mini-basin: stratal patterns and facies assemblages, Sivas basin, Turkey. Sedimentology 62: 1513-1545.
  • [26] Çiner, A., Koşun, E., (1996). Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Oligo-Miocene deposits in the south of Hafik (Sivas Basin). TAPG Bulletin 8: 16-34 (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [27] Kangal, Ö., Özgen-Erdem, N., Varol, EB., Depositional stages of the Eğribucak inner basin (terrestrial to marine evaporite and carbonate) from the Sivas Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey), (2017). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 26, 127-146.
  • [28] McPherson, J.G., Shanmugam, G. & Moiola, R.J., (1988). Fan deltas and braid deltas: conceptual problems. In: Fan Deltas: Sedimentology and Tectonic Setting (Ed. by W. Nemec and R.J. Steel), pp. 14-22. Blackie, London.
  • [29] Nemec, W. and Steel, R.J., (1988). What is a fan delta and how to recognize it? . In: Fan Deltas: Sedimentology and Tectonic Setting (Ed. by W. Nemec and R.J. Steel), pp. 3-13. Blackie, London.
  • [30] Alasad, R., Olariu, C., & Steel, R. J., (2023). Alluvial fan and fan delta facies architecture recording initial marine flooding in the Mio-Pliocene syn-rift sequence of the Fish Creek-Vallecito Basin, southern California. Basin Research, 35, 1619–1649.
  • [31] Walker, R.G. and Plint, A.G., (1992). Wave-and Storm-Dominated Shallow Marine Systems. In: Walker, R.G. and James, N.P., Eds., Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change, Geological Association of Canada, Newfoundland, 219-238.
  • [32] Johnson, H.D. and Baldwin, C.T., (1996). Shallow clastic seas. In: H.G. Reading (Ed.) Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, Chapter 7. Blackwell Science, London, pp.232–280.
  • [33] Kumar, A., & Saraswati, P. K. (1997). Response of larger foraminifera to mixed carbonate-siliciclastic environments: An example from the Oligocene-Miocene sequence of Kutch, India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 136, 53–65
  • [34] Friedman, G. M. and Sanders, F. E., (1978). Principles of sedimentology, Wiley, New York, p. 792.
  • [35] Cosovic, V., Drobne, K., Moro, A., (2004). Paleoenvironmental model for Eocene foraminiferal limestones of the Adriatic carbonate platform (Istrian Peninsula): Facies, 50, 61–75.36
  • [36] Kangal, Ö., Poisson, A., Temiz, H., Karadenizli, L., Varol, B., Özden, S., Sirel, E., (2005). Sivas Havzasının Eosen dönemindeki jeolojik ve sedimantolojik evrimi. Tübitak proje no: 101Y039. Ankara.
  • [37] Tosquella, J., Martín-Martín, M., Guerrera, F., Serrano, F., Tramontana, M., (2022). The Eocene carbonate platform of the central-western Malaguides (Internal Betic Zone, S Spain) and its meaning for the Cenozoic paleogeography of the westermost Tethys. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 589.

Eocene Sequence at the Northern Margin of the Sivas Basin: Facies and Depositional Environment

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 82 - 91, 30.06.2025

Özgen Kangal

Abstract

In this study carried out in the Eocene sequence of the northern margin of the Sivas Basin, 11 facies were distinguished. The facies assemblages formed from these facies, where carbonates are dominant and siliciclastics accompany carbonates, reflect different depositional environments reaching from the coast to the deep parts of the sea. These facies assemblage-depositional environments, which are gradually transitional to each other, indicate the existence of a gently sloping ramp type depositional surface. On the land and coast, alluvial fans and fan deltas; in resticted shallow marine environments, porcellaneous foraminiferal packstone-wackestone; in high energy shallow marine environments, hyaline foraminifera-algae containing packstone- boundstone and calcarenites were deposited. Deeper down, in low-energy marine environments below the storm wave base, plankton-bearing mudstone is observed. The main factor controlling this facies and environment diversity is water depth-energy conditions. During periods when the storm was active, these sediments were occasionally reworked and mixed.

Keywords

carbonate ramp Eocene microfacies Sivas Basin

Project Number

YDABAG 101Y039

References

  • [1] Kurtman, F., (1973). Sivas-Hafik-Zara ve İmranlı bölgesinin jeolojik ve tektonik yapısı: M.T.A. Derg., 80, 1-32.
  • [2] Tatar, Y., (1977). Ofiyolitli Çamlibel (Yildizeli) bölgesinin stratigrafisi ve petrografisi. MTA Bull., 88, 56-75.
  • [3] Yılmaz, A. ve Özer, S., (1984). Kuzey Anadolu Bindirme Kuşağının Akdağmadeni (Yozgat) ile Karaçayır (Sivas) arasındaki bölümünün temel jeoloji incelemesi ve Tersiyer havzasının yapısal evrimi. Ketin Simpozyumu, 163-174s.
  • [4] İnan, N. ve İnan, S., (1999). Tokuş Formasyonunun yaşı ve çökelme ortamına ilişkin yeni bulgular (Sivas, Türkiye). Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 42 (1), 119-130.
  • [5] Tekeli, O., Varol, B. ve Gökten, E., (1992). Sivas Havzasının batı kesiminin jeolojisi (Tuzla gölü-Tecer dağı arası) T.P.A.O. rap., No:3178.
  • [6] Gökten, E., (1993). Yildizeli (Sivas) güneyinde Akdağ metamorfitleri ve örtü kayalarının stratigrafisi ve tektonigi. TJK Bulletin, 36, 1, p. 83-93.
  • [7] Folk, R.L., (1959). Practical Petrographic Classification of Limestones. AAPG Bulletin, 43, 1-38.
  • [8] Folk, R.L., (1962). Spectral subdivision of limestone types. In: Ham WE(ed) Classification of carbonate rocks. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Mem 1, 62–84.
  • [9] Dunham, R.J., (1962). Classification of carbonate rocks according to their depositional texture. AAPG Mem 1: 108–121
  • [10] Wilson, J.L., (1975). Carbonate facies in geological history. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York 471 pp
  • [11] Flügel, E., (2004). Microfacies of carbonate rocks. In: Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Springer, p. 976.
  • [12] Burchette, T.P., Wright, V.P., (1992). Carbonate ramp depositional systems. Sediment. Geol. 79, 3–57.
  • [13] Yılmaz, A., (1981). Sivas ile Tokat arasındaki bölgede ofiyolitli karışığın kökeni, iç yapısı ve yerleşme yaşı, T.J.k. Bült., 28, 79-82.
  • [14] Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241. 15
  • [15] Görür, N., Şengör, AMC., Akkök, R., Yılmaz, Y., (1984). Sedimentological evidence on the opening of the northern branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean (in Turkish). Turkish Geol Soc Bult 26: 11–20
  • [16] Poisson, A., Guezou, J.C., Temiz, H., Gürsoy, H., İnan, S., Öztürk, A., Kavak, K. ve Özden, S., (1996). Tectonic setting and evolution of the Sivas basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. International Geological Review, 38, 838-853.
  • [17] Guezou, JC., Temiz, H., Poisson, A., Gürsöy, H., (1996). Tectonics of the Sivas Basin. The Neogene record of the Anatolian accretion along the Inner Tauride suture. Int Geol Rev 38: 901-925.
  • [18] Gökten, E., (1983). Şarkışla (Sivas) güney-güneydoğusunun stratigrafisi ve jeolojik evrimi. Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült., 26, 167-176s.
  • [19] Gündoğan, İ., Önal, M., Depçi, T., (2005). Sedimentology, petrography, and diagenesis of Eocene-Oligocene evaporites: the Tuzhisar Formation, SW Sivas Basin, Turkey. J Asian Earth Sci 25: 791-803.
  • [20] Gökçen, SL., Kelling, G., (1985). Oligocene deposits of the Zara-Hafik region (Sivas, Central Turkey): evolution from storminfluenced shelf to evaporitic basin. Geol Rundsch 74: 139-153
  • [21] Ringenbach, J.-C., Salel, J.-F., Kergaravat, C., Ribes, C., Bonnel, C., & Callot, J.-P. (2013). Salt tectonics in the Sivas Basin, Turkey: outstanding seismic analogues from outcrops. First Break, 31(6), 93–101.
  • [22] Callot, JP., Ribes, C., Kergaravat, C., Bonnel, C., Temiz, H., Poisson, A., Vrielynck, B., Salel, JF., Ringenbach, JC., (2014). Salt tectonics in the Sivas Basin (Turkey): crossing salt walls and minibasins. B Soc Geol Fr 185: 33-42.
  • [23] Legeay, E., Pichat, A., Kergaravat, C., Ribes, C., Callot, J.P., Ringenbach, J.C., Bonnel, C., Hoareau, G., Poisson, A., Mohn, G., Crumeyrolle, P., Kavak, KS., & Temiz, H., (2018): Geology of the Central Sivas Basin (Turkey), Journal of Maps 15: 406-417.
  • [24] Cater, J.M.L., Hanna, S.S., Ries, A.C. and Turner, P., (1991). Tertiary evolution of the Sivas Basin, central Turkey. Tectonophysics, 195, 29-46.
  • [25] Ribes, C., Kergaravat, C., Bonnel, C., Crumeyrolle, P., Callot, JP., Poisson, A., Temiz, H., Ringenbach, JC., (2015). Fluvial sedimentation in a salt-controlled mini-basin: stratal patterns and facies assemblages, Sivas basin, Turkey. Sedimentology 62: 1513-1545.
  • [26] Çiner, A., Koşun, E., (1996). Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Oligo-Miocene deposits in the south of Hafik (Sivas Basin). TAPG Bulletin 8: 16-34 (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [27] Kangal, Ö., Özgen-Erdem, N., Varol, EB., Depositional stages of the Eğribucak inner basin (terrestrial to marine evaporite and carbonate) from the Sivas Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey), (2017). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 26, 127-146.
  • [28] McPherson, J.G., Shanmugam, G. & Moiola, R.J., (1988). Fan deltas and braid deltas: conceptual problems. In: Fan Deltas: Sedimentology and Tectonic Setting (Ed. by W. Nemec and R.J. Steel), pp. 14-22. Blackie, London.
  • [29] Nemec, W. and Steel, R.J., (1988). What is a fan delta and how to recognize it? . In: Fan Deltas: Sedimentology and Tectonic Setting (Ed. by W. Nemec and R.J. Steel), pp. 3-13. Blackie, London.
  • [30] Alasad, R., Olariu, C., & Steel, R. J., (2023). Alluvial fan and fan delta facies architecture recording initial marine flooding in the Mio-Pliocene syn-rift sequence of the Fish Creek-Vallecito Basin, southern California. Basin Research, 35, 1619–1649.
  • [31] Walker, R.G. and Plint, A.G., (1992). Wave-and Storm-Dominated Shallow Marine Systems. In: Walker, R.G. and James, N.P., Eds., Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change, Geological Association of Canada, Newfoundland, 219-238.
  • [32] Johnson, H.D. and Baldwin, C.T., (1996). Shallow clastic seas. In: H.G. Reading (Ed.) Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, Chapter 7. Blackwell Science, London, pp.232–280.
  • [33] Kumar, A., & Saraswati, P. K. (1997). Response of larger foraminifera to mixed carbonate-siliciclastic environments: An example from the Oligocene-Miocene sequence of Kutch, India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 136, 53–65
  • [34] Friedman, G. M. and Sanders, F. E., (1978). Principles of sedimentology, Wiley, New York, p. 792.
  • [35] Cosovic, V., Drobne, K., Moro, A., (2004). Paleoenvironmental model for Eocene foraminiferal limestones of the Adriatic carbonate platform (Istrian Peninsula): Facies, 50, 61–75.36
  • [36] Kangal, Ö., Poisson, A., Temiz, H., Karadenizli, L., Varol, B., Özden, S., Sirel, E., (2005). Sivas Havzasının Eosen dönemindeki jeolojik ve sedimantolojik evrimi. Tübitak proje no: 101Y039. Ankara.
  • [37] Tosquella, J., Martín-Martín, M., Guerrera, F., Serrano, F., Tramontana, M., (2022). The Eocene carbonate platform of the central-western Malaguides (Internal Betic Zone, S Spain) and its meaning for the Cenozoic paleogeography of the westermost Tethys. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 589.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects General Geology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Özgen Kangal

Project Number YDABAG 101Y039
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date May 21, 2025
Acceptance Date June 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

IEEE Ö. Kangal, “Eocene Sequence at the Northern Margin of the Sivas Basin: Facies and Depositional Environment”, CÜMFAD, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 82–91, 2025.
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