Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, DIGITALIZATION, AND ETHICAL GOVERNANCE IN LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BARCELONA, SHANGHAI, AND ANKARA

Year 2025, Volume: 34 Issue: Uygarlığın Dönüşümü - Sosyal Bilimlerin Bakışıyla Yapay Zekâ, 160 - 191, 20.07.2025

Abstract

The digitalization process in public administration, particularly at the local government level, increasingly points to a marked transformation. Emerging digital technologies not only enhance the quality-of-service delivery but also restructure decision-making processes and lead to structural changes in the understanding of governance. One of the most striking components of this transformation, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, enables local administrations to develop more effective, participatory, and data-driven solutions in response to growing societal demands. The aim of this study is to examine how AI applications are integrated into the digitalization process of local administrations, to evaluate the impacts of this integration on administrative efficiency, citizen participation, and ethical governance, and to offer policy recommendations for the future based on the findings. In this context, a comparative analysis has been conducted of the cities of Barcelona and Shanghai, which serve as international examples, and Ankara, representing Turkey. The analysis reveals not only the potential benefits offered by AI applications but also fundamental limitations such as data security, digital inequality, ethical responsibilities, and institutional capacity challenges. Based on the findings, policy recommendations have been developed in the following areas: strengthening the ethical and legal framework; enhancing data management, improving digital infrastructure, and institutional capacity; ensuring open data access and algorithmic transparency; combating digital inequality; preparing local AI strategies and action plans; and promoting cooperation among local governments. These recommendations support the use of AI as an inclusive, ethical, transparent, and sustainable governance tool at the local level.

References

  • ABB. (2021, Kasım 4). Başkent'te karekod anket dönemi başladı. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/tr/haberler/baskentte-karekod-anket-donemi-basladi-15004
  • ABB. (2022a, Temmuz 7). Mansur Yavaş duyurdu: Başkent araştırmaları merkezi çalışmalarına başladı. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/haberler/mansur-yavas-duyurdu-baskent-arastirmalari-merkezi-calismalarina-basladi-15716
  • ABB. (2022b, Temmuz 28). Dünyada ilk ve tek harita tabanlı açık veri paylaşımı: ‘Şeffaf Ankara’ başladı. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/haberler/dunyada-ilk-ve-tek-harita-tabanli-acik-veri-paylasimi-seffaf-ankara-basladi-15749
  • ABB. (2023). 2022 yılında şeffaflık ilkesiyle bin 233 ihale canlı yayınlandı. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/haberler/2022-yilinda-seffaflik-ilkesiyle-bin-233-ihale-canli-yayinlandi-16162
  • ABB. (2024). Tarım 4.0 Dijital Platformu Projesi (KIRBİS). https://s.ankara.bel.tr/files/2024/12/11/9fb091d73b7ee183f4130ff4ea1d68dc.pdf
  • ABB. (2025a). AKK’den Ankara’nın dijital yolcuğu için önemli adım dijital dönüşüm meclisi ilk toplantısını yaptı. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/haberler/akk-den-ankara-nin-dijital-yolcugu-icin-onemli-adim-17593
  • ABB. (2025b). Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanlığı 2025-2029 Stratejik Planı. ABB.
  • ABB. (2025c). Şeffaf Ankara. https://seffaf.ankara.bel.tr/
  • ABB. (2025d). İhaleler. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/ihaleler
  • ABB. (2025e). ABB Instagram gönderisi: 4000 ihale canlı yayınlandı. https://www.instagram.com/p/C4FNdLktTFl/
  • ABB. (2025f). Başkent Mobil. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/projeler/detay/baskent-mobil-18
  • ABB. (2025g). Wi-Fi noktaları. https://wifi.ankara.bel.tr/
  • ABB. (2025h). Askıda plan sorgulama. https://planaski.ankara.bel.tr/planaski
  • ABB. (2025i). E-belediye. https://ebelediye.ankara.bel.tr/ebelediye
  • Agatiello, OR (2008). Ethical governance: beyond good practices and standards, Management Decision, 46 (8), 1132-1145. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740810901345
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2021). Mesura de govern de l’estratégia municipial d’algoritmes i dades per a l’impuls étic de la intel-ligéncia artificial. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/sites/default/files/2023-11/Mesura-de-Govern-Intel-ligencia-artificial_cat-v2.47-ca-ES_.pdf
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2022). Informe 2022. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/economiatreball/sites/default/files/2024-01/Observatori%202022_ESP.pdf
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025a). The municipal algorithms and data strategy for an ethical promotion of artificial ıntelligence. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/ethical-use-artificial/ethical-use-artificial-intelligence/municipal
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025b). Digital talent. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technological-entrepreneurship-and-digital-talent/digital-talent
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025c). Map of resources to boost digitisation. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/mapa-recursos-digitals/en
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025d). Protocol for incorporating artificial intelligence into all municipal services. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/ethical-use-artificial/ethical-use-artificial-intelligence/protocol
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025e). Institut Municipal d'Informàtica-IMI. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/imi/en
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025f). Advisory Council on Artificial Intelligence. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/ethical-use-artificial/advisory-council-artificial-intelligence
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025g). Fight against digital inequality. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/fight-against-digital-inequality
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025h). Digital and technological training. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/digital-technological-training
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025i). Decidim Barcelona. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/accessible-and-participatory/accessible-and-participatory-5
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona (2025k). Cities Coalition for Digital Rights https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/safeguarding-digital-rights/safeguarding-digital-rights/cities
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona (2025l). Urban mobility. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-service-citizens/urban-mobility
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona (2025m). Municipal apps. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-service-citizens/municipal-apps
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona (2025n). Technology for a more sustainable city. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-service-citizens/technology-sustainable-city
  • Akinade, AO, Adepoju, PA, Ige, AB ve Afolabi, AI (2024). Artificial intelligence in traffic management: A review of smart solutions and urban impact. Iconıc Research And Engıneerıng Journals, 7 (12), 511-522.
  • Akıllı Şehir. (2025). Ankara. https://www.akillisehir.com/idet/11/680/ankara
  • Akıllı Şehirler. (2019). Akıllı şehir dönüşümü yol haritası. https://www.akillisehirler.gov.tr/akilli-sehir-donusumu/
  • Akıllı Şehirler Portalı. (2021). What is smart city? https://www.akillisehirler.gov.tr/what-is-smart-city/
  • Algorithm Register. (2023). Algorithmic transparency standard. https://www.algorithmregister.org/
  • Andersson, C., Hallin, A. ve Ivory, C. (2022). Unpacking the digitalisation of public services: Configuring work during automation in local government. Government Information Quarterly, 39 (1), 101662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101662
  • Androniceanu, A., Georgescu, I. ve Kinnunen, J. (2022). Public administration digitalization and corruption in the EU member states. A comparative and correlative research analysis. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 65E, 5-22. https://doi.org/10.24193/tras.65E.1
  • Androniceanu, A. ve Georgescu, I. (2023). Public administration digitalization and government effectiveness in the EU countries. Central European Public Administration Review, 21 (1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2023.1.01
  • Androniceanu, A. (2024). Generative artificial intelligence, present and perspectives in public administration. Administratie si Management Public, 43, 105-119. https://doi.org/10.24818/amp/2024.43-06
  • Ankara Kent Konseyi. (2025a, Ocak 30). Dijital Dönüşümden Üretken Yapay Zekâya. https://ankarakentkonseyi.org.tr/dijital-donusumden-uretken-yapay-zekaya/
  • Ankara Kent Konseyi. (2025b). Hakkımızda. https://ankarakentkonseyi.org.tr/hakkimizda/
  • Arabacı, A. (2021). Yerel yönetimlerde dijitalleşme: Eskişehir Tepebaşı belediyesi örneği. Atlas Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1 (7), 65-8.
  • Arumugam, N. (2022, October 2). What made Shanghai the world’s No.1 Smart City? https://www.citiesforum.org/news/what-made-shanghai-the-worlds-no-1-smart-city/
  • ASO-İLTEK. (2024). İllerin teknolojik gelişmişlik endeksi. https://www.aso.org.tr/uploads/ortam/ASO-ILTEK_IllerinTeknolojikGeli%C5%9FmislikEndeksiRaporu.pdf
  • Baig, A. ve Hasan, A. (2023, September 26). Understanding the Shanghai AI Regulations. https://securiti.ai/shanghai-ai-regulation/
  • Balatsky, EV ve Ekimova, NA (2021). Public administration tools: Forecasting vs designing. Upravlenets, 12 (1), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.15838/sa.2022.4.36.2
  • Bisogno, M., Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B. ve Abate, F. (2025). The role of institutional and operational factors in the digitalization of large local governments: insights from Italy. International Journal of Public Sector Management,38 (2), 238-258. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-10-2023-0291
  • Bozeman, B., ve Bretschneider, S. (1986). Public management information systems: Theory and prescription. Public Administration Review, 46 (6), 575-586.
  • Brand, DJ (2023). Ensuring the ethical development and use of AI in local governance. Journal of Ethics and Legal Technologies, 5, (2), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.14658/pupj-JELT-2023-2-6
  • Brown, D. (2005). Electronic government and public administration. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 71 (2), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852305053883
  • Bulut, Y. ve Aslan, MM (2019). Yerel yönetimlerde bilişim teknolojilerinin ve yapay zekânın kullanımı: akıllı park Ankara harikalar diyarı örneği. A. Çekiç Akyol (Ed.), 1. Uluslararası İletişim ve Yönetim Bilimleri Kongresi Bildiri Tam Metin Kitabı (s. 761-776). İnönü Üniversitesi.
  • Calzada, I. (2018). (Smart) citizens from data providers to decision-makers? the case study of Barcelona. Sustainability, 10 (8), 3252. . https://doi.org/10.3390/SU10093252.
  • Castilla, R., Pacheco, A. ve Franco, J. (2023). Digital government: Mobile applications and their impact on access to public information. SoftwareX, 22, 101382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2023.101382
  • Савченко, OC (2021). Систематизація наукових підходів до поняття «цифровізація у публічному управлінні». Серія: Публічне управління і адміністрування, 2 (76), 72-76. https://doi.org/10.32840/1813-3401.2022.2.12
  • Cellat, M. (2023). Yerel yönetimlerde metaverse denemeleri: Türkiye ve Güney Kore örneği. Kamu Yönetimi ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5 (1), 26-50. https://doi.org/10.58307/kaytek.1257990
  • Challoumis, C. (2024). Building a sustainable economy-how ai can optimize resource allocation. XVI International Scientific Conference (s. 190-224). https://conference-w.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/USA.P-0304102024.pdf#page=191
  • Charnock, G., March, H. ve Ribera-Fumaz, R. (2019). From smart to rebel city? Worlding, provincialising and the Barcelona Model. Urban Studies, 58 (3), 581-600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019872119
  • Chen, Z., Gan, W., Wu, J., Lin, H. ve Chen, C.M. Metaverse for smart cities: A survey. Internet of Things Cyber-Physical Systems, 4, 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.12.002
  • Commsworld. (2017). What is a Gigabit city? https://www.commsworld.com/insights/blog/2017/june/what-is-a-gigabit-city/#:~:text=Gigabit%20cities%20enjoy%20a%20pure,and%20also%20for%20mobile%20connectivity.
  • Criado, JI ve de Zarate-Alcarazo, LO (2022). Technological frames, CIOs, and artificial ıntelligence in public administration: A socio-cognitive exploratory study in Spanish local governments. Government Information Quarterly, 39 (3), 101688.
  • Crawford, K., ve Calo, R. (2016). There is a blind spot in AI research. Nature, 538(7625), 311-313. https://doi.org/10.1038/538311a
  • CSET. (2021, November 4). Shanghai municipal “14th five-year” plan for building a science and technology innovation center with global influence. https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/shanghai-municipal-14th-five-year-plan-for-building-a-science-and-technology-innovation-center-with-global-influence/
  • Cugurullo, F. ve Xu, Y. (2025). When AIs become oracles: Generative artificial intelligence, anticipatory urban governance, and the future of cities. Policy and Society, 44 (1), 98–115. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puae025
  • Cui, Q., Chen, R., Wei, R., Hu, X. ve Wang, G. (2023). Smart mega-city development in practice: A case of Shanghai, China. Sustainability, 15 (2), 1591. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021591
  • Da Costa Alexandre, A. ve Pereira, LM (2022). European Union fosters ethical AI in the public administration. DH de la Iglesia, JF de Paz Santana, AJ López Rivero (Eds.), International Conference on Disruptive Technologies, Tech Ethics and Artificial Intelligence (s. 103-113). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14859-0_9
  • Damar, M., Köse, HÖ., Cagle, MN ve Özen, A. (2024). Mapping the digital frontier: Bibliometric and machine learning ınsights into public administration transformation. Sayıştay Dergisi, 35 (132), 9-41. https://doi.org/10.52836/sayistay.1455036
  • David, G. (2024). Artificial intelligence: opportunities and challenges for public administration. Canadian Public Administration, 67 (3), 388-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/capa.12580
  • David, A., Yigitcanlar, T., Desouza, K., Li, RYM, Cheong, PH, Mehmood, R. ve Corchado, J. (2024). Understanding local government responsible AI strategy: An international municipal policy document analysis. Cities, 155, 105502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105502
  • Decidim. (2025). Faetures. https://decidim.org/features/
  • Deniz, G. ve Aksu, D. (2025). Yerel yönetimlerde yapay zekâ araştırmalarının ağ analizi ile değerlendirilmesi. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, 34 (2), 119-146.
  • Di Giulio, M., ve Vecchi, G. (2021). Implementing digitalization in the public sector. Technologies, agency, and governance. Public Policy and Administration, 38 (2), 133-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/09520767211023283
  • Diorditsa, IV (2024). Legal aspects of local government digitalization. The XI International Science Conference-Modern trends of youth: Advantages and significant disadvantages (s. 59-62). European Conference.
  • Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S., ve Tinkler, J. (2006). Digital era governance: IT corporations, the state, and e-government. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296194.001.0001
  • Eco Renewable Energy. (2025). 5 Key elements of smart city: Developing smart cities. https://www.ecorenewableenergy.com.au/articles/key-elements-to-establish-a-smart-city/
  • EC. (2023, September 27). eGovernment benchmark 2023. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/egovernment-benchmark-2023
  • EC. (2024, August 1). AI Act enters into force. https://commission.europa.eu/news/ai-act-enters-force-2024-08-01_en
  • EC. (2025). What are smart cities? https://commission.europa.eu/eu-regional-and-urban-development/topics/cities-and-urban-development/city-initiatives/smart-cities_en
  • EGO. (2019). Başkent’te dijital dönüşüm başlıyor. https://www.ego.gov.tr/tr/haber/5328/baskentte-dijital-donusum-basliyor
  • Erdem, AD ve Emini, FT (2021). Ankara büyükşehir belediyesinin e-belediye uygulamalarının kamu bürokrasisinin sorunları bağlamında incelenmesi. OPUS, 18 (Yönetim ve Organizasyon Özel Sayısı), 1909-1942. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.846600
  • Fantin Irudaya Raj, E. ve Baladi, M. (2022). Application of deep learning and machine learning in pattern recognition. N. Kumar, C. Shahnaz, K. Kumar, M. Abed Mohammed, RS Raw (Eds.), Advance concepts of image processing and pattern recognition. transactions on computer systems and networks (s. 63-89). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9324-3_4
  • Floridi, L., ve Taddeo, M. (2016). What is data ethics? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374 (2083), 20160360. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0360
  • Floridi, L. ve Cowls, J. (2019). Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A Unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1 (1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.8cd550d1
  • Gil de Zúñiga, H., Goyanes, M., ve Durotoye, T. (2023). A scholarly definition of artificial ıntelligence (AI): advancing AI as a conceptual framework in communication research. Political Communication, 41 (2), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2290497
  • Global Observatory of Urban Artificial Intelligence. (2025). Barcelona’s AI Strategy. https://gouai.cidob.org/resources/barcelonas-ai-strategy/
  • Gomstyn, A. ve Jonker, A. (2023, November 22). What is a smart city? https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/smart-city
  • Google Play. (2025). Başkent Mobil. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tr.bel.ankara.baskentmobil&hl=tr
  • Gökçek, SG (2022). Yerel yönetimlerde nüfusa bağlı olarak dijitalleşmenin performansa etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi.
  • Hammerschmid, G., Palaric, E., Rackwitz, M. ve Wegrich, K. (2024). A shift in paradigm? Collaborative public administration in the context of national digitalization strategies. Governance, 37 (2), 411–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12778
  • Helbing, D., Mahajan, S., Fricker, RH, Musso, A., Hausladen, CI, Carissimo, C., ... ve Pournaras, E. (2023). Democracy by design: Perspectives for digitally assisted, participatory upgrades of society. Journal of Computational Science, 71, 102061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2023.102061
  • Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or neo-liberal? City, 12 (3), 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810802479126
  • Houy, C., Hamberg, M., ve Fettke, P. (2019). Robotic process automation in public administrations. Digitalisierung von Staat und Verwaltung (s. 62-74). Gesellschaft für Informatik eV.
  • İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2023). Ankara’da yılbaşı denetimleri KGYS merkezi’nden takip ediliyor. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/ankarada-yilbasi-denetimleri-kgys-merkezinden-takip-ediliyor
  • Işıklı, Ş. (2015). Digital citizenship: An actual contribution to theory of participatory democracy. AJIT-e: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 6 (18), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2015.1.002.x
  • Jiménez, DL, Dittmar, EC ve Portillo, JPV (2025). Political, regulatory, and ethical concerns of AI, blockchain, and cloud computing in public administration. K. Wongmahesak, J. Ahmad ve A. Mustanir (Eds.), Public Governance Practices in the Age of AI (s. 207-238). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9894-4.ch008
  • Juniper Research. (2023, May). Shanghai Ranked World’s Number 1 Smart City in 2023. https://www.juniperresearch.com/press/shanghai-ranked-worlds-number-1-smart-city/
  • Karaca, Y., ve Öztürk, NK (2019). Yeni nesil belediyecilik: Dijital belediye uygulamaları. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 2 (3), 528-537. https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.649557
  • Karpenko, O., Osmak, A. ve Karpenko, Y. (2020). Mechanisms of the overcoming the digital inequality of the population in Ukraine: interoperable governance, educational technologies of artificial intelligence and geoinformational startups. Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG, 2020, 84-90. https://doi.org/10.4467/2543859XPKG.20.022.12790
  • Karpenko , O., Vasiuk , N. ve Osmak , A. (2024). Artificial intelligence as a digital tool for the project approach in public administration and local governance. Strategy of Economic Development of Ukraine, 55, 189-200. https://doi.org/10.33111/sedu.2024.55.189.200
  • Khan, W., Daud, A., Khan, K., Muhammed, S. ve Haq, R. (2023). Exploring the frontiers of deep learning and natural language processing: A comprehensive overview of key challenges and emerging trends. Natural Language Processing Journal, 4, 100026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlp.2023.100026
  • Kimari, AM, Niyitunga, EB ve Mohammad, J. (2023). The Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Service Delivery in South African Local Municipalities. African Journal of Development Studies, 13 (4), 267.
  • Klarić, M. (2023). Smart digitalization and public services in the EU. EU and comparative law issues and challenges series (ECLIC), 7, 151–174. https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/27446
  • Koekemoer, S. ve Van Solms, R. (2021). Does the 4th industrial revolution provide solutions for sustainable basic service delivery in south African municipalities? Journal of Public Administration, 56 (2), 339-351.
  • Köse, H. Ö. ve Polat, N. (2021). Dijital dönüşüm ve denetimin geleceğine etkisi. Sayıştay Dergisi, 32 (123), 9-41. https://doi.org/10.52836/sayistay.1068328
  • Kukharenko, MV (2024). The impact of digitalization on modern democratic processes and public administration. http://journal-app.uzhnu.edu.ua/article/view/311024
  • Langa, VG ve Thakhathi, RD (2022). The role of smart cities to promote smart governance in municipalities. Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Journal. 6 (2), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.25019/scrd.v6i2.125
  • Lazarova, E., Veselinova, N. (2023). The digital transformation of Bulgarian municipal administration in the era of artificial intelligence. CompSysTech '23: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies (s. 54-58). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3606305.3606319
  • Lee, Y. ve Sun, Z. (2023). Managed transparency: Chinese government transparency. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 9(3), 388-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911231199162
  • Li, Y., Fan, Y., ve Nie, L. (2023). Making governance agile: Exploring the role of artificial intelligence in China’s local governance. Public Policy and Administration, 40 (2), 276-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/09520767231188229
  • Lin, Y. (2018). A comparison of selected Western and Chinese smart governance: The application of ICT in governmental management, participation and collaboration. Telecommunications Policy, 42 (10), 800-809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.07.003
  • Liu, J., Lee, J. ve Zhou, R. (2023). Review of big-data and AI application in typhoon-related disaster risk early warning in Typhoon Committee region. Tropical Cyclone Research and Review, 12 (4), 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcrr.2023.12.004
  • Liu, T., ve Zhou, B. (2024). The impact of artificial intelligence on the green and low‐carbon transformation of Chinese enterprises. Managerial and Decision Economics. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.4164
  • Liu, H., Wang, Y. ve Yan, Z. (2024). Artificial intelligence and food processing firms productivity: Evidence from China. Sustainability, 16 (14), 5928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145928
  • Lutz, C. (2024). Social Inequalities and artificial intelligence: how digital inequality scholarship enhances our understanding. Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence and Beyond (s. 193-210). Routledge.
  • Ma, Z. ve Cao, Y. (2023). Political participation in China: Towards a new definition and typology. Social Sciences, 12 (10), 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12100531
  • Mäntysalo, V. (2015). The importance of transparency in ethical governance: Current research and finnish citizens’ perceptions. Halduskultuur, 16 (1), 48-67.
  • Marvin, S., While, A., Chen, B. ve Kovacic, M. (2022). Urban AI in China: Social control or hyper-capitalist development in the post-smart city? Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2022.1030318
  • Mehta, N. ve Devarakonda, MV (2018). Machine learning, natural language programming, and electronic health records: The next step in the artificial intelligence journey? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141 (6), 2019-2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.025
  • Mezgec, S., Eftimov, T., Bucher, T., ve Seljak, BK (2019). Mixed deep learning and natural language processing method for fake-food image recognition and standardization to help automated dietary assessment. Public health nutrition, 22 (7), 1193-1202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018000708
  • Milakovich, ME (2021). Digital governance: Applying advanced technologies to ımprove public service (2th edition). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003215875
  • Mittal, P. (2020). Big data and analytics: a data management perspective in public administration. International Journal of Big Data Management, 1 (2), 152-165. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBDM.2020.112415
  • Mukta, MY, Rahman, MA, Asyhari, AT ve Bhuiyan, MZA (2020). IoT for energy efficient green highway lighting systems: Challenges and issues. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 158, 102575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102575
  • Mynenko, S. ve Lyulyov, O. (2022). The impact of digitalization on the transparency of public authorities. Business Ethics and Leadership, 6 (2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(2).103-115.2022
  • Novachenko, TV, Bielska, TV, Afonin, EA, Lashkina, MH, Kozhemiakina, OM ve Diachenko, NP (2020). Use of information technology to increase economic efficiency and credibility in public administration in the context of digitization. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 8 (1), 374-382.
  • Obiuto, NC, Adebayo, RA, Olajiga, OK, ve Festus-Ikhuoria, IC (2024). Integrating artificial intelligence in construction management: Improving project efficiency and cost-effectiveness. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(2), 639-647.
  • Odilov, J. (2024). Digital use of artificial intelligence in public administration. International Journal of Law and Policy, 2 (3), 7-15. https://doi.org/10.59022/ijlp.161
  • OECD. (2019). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. OECD Legal Instruments, OECD/LEGAL/0449. https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/oecd-legal-0449
  • OECD. (2023). Digital government review of Türkiye: Towards a digitally-enabled government. OECD Digital Government Studies, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/3958d102-en.
  • Okcu, M. (2024). Yerel yönetimler ve vatandaş iletişiminde dijitalleşme. SETA.
  • Omar, SS, Nayef, JM, Qasim, NH, Kawad, RT ve Kalenychenko, R. (2024). The role of digitalization in improving accountability and efficiency in public services. Revista Investigacion Operacional, 45 (2), 203-224.
  • Özyardımcı, EE (2022). Dijitalleşmenin yerel yönetimlere etkisi: Türkiye ve İngiltere yerel yönetimleri örnekleri. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4 (2), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.46482/ebyuiibfdergi.1206590
  • Panda, M., Hossain, MM, Puri, R. ve Ahmad, A. (2025). Artificial intelligence in action: Shaping the future of public sector. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-10-2024-0272
  • Patrucco, AS, Agasisti, T., ve Glas, AH (2020). Structuring public procurement in local governments: The effect of centralization, standardization and digitalization on performance. Public Performance & Management Review, 44 (3), 630–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2020.1851267
  • Pislaru, M., Vlad, CS, Ivascu, L., ve Mircea, II (2024). Citizen-centric governance: Enhancing citizen engagement through artificial ıntelligence tools. Sustainability, 16 (7), 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072686
  • Rehr, D., ve Munteanu, D. (2021). The promise of robotic process automation for the public sector. https://cbce. gmu. edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/The-Promise-of-RPA-For-The-Public-Sector. pdf.
  • Ren, C. (2025). Smart governance in Shanghai in the context of public health emergencies. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences, 148, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2024.LD19170
  • Rudenko, O., Zaika, O., Varynskyi, V., Kulchii, I., ve Myroshnychenko, A. (2024). Digitization of local self-government based on the use of artificial intelligence in the context of sustainable development. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8 (6), 1467-1480. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i6.2263
  • Ruhana, F., Alimuddin, A., Hidayat, YS, Afrilia, UA ve Zulfikar, W. (2023). Optimizing public services through the application of artificial intelligence a case study of integrated administrative services at the sub-district level. Visioner : Jurnal Pemerintahan Daerah Di Indonesia, 15 (2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.54783/jv.v15i2.860
  • Russell, SJ ve Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Saldanha, DMF, Dias, CN ve Guillaumon, S. (2022). Transparency and accountability in digital public services: Learning from the Brazilian cases. Government Information Quarterly, 39 (2), 101680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101680
  • Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı ve Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi. (2021). Ulusal yapay zekâ stratejisi 2021-2025. https://cbddo.gov.tr/SharedFolderServer/Genel/File/TR-UlusalYZStratejisi2021-2025.pdf
  • Sarker, MNI, Wu, M. ve Hossin, MA (2018). Smart governance through bigdata: Digital transformation of public agencies. 2018 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data (ICAIBD) (s. 62-70). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAIBD.2018.8396168
  • Saxena, D., Muzellec, L. ve McDonagh, J. (2022). From bureaucracy to citizen-centricity: How the citizen-journey should ınform the digital transformation of public services. International Journal of Electronic Government Research (IJEGR), 18 (1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEGR.305230
  • Schuett, J. (2019). A legal definition of AI. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3453632
  • Shanghai Ecology and Environment Bureau. (2019). Shanghai Ecological and Environmental Bulletin. https://sthj.sh.gov.cn/cmsres/46/466ec89fc615435aa3cad653304f0a8e/5d8cc2b97461048222d072e8e77d7790.pdf
  • Shangai Electric. (2025). Company profile. https://www.shanghai-electric.com/group_en/segit/
  • Shanghai International Service. (2025a). International Science and Technology Innovation Center. https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-ThisisShanghai/20231207/c2e35579c22641fb9d5a51ab9f0066ba.html
  • Shanghai International Service. (2025b, April 11). Shanghai launches transport plan to improve business ecosystem. https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-BusinessEnvironmentActionPlan/20250411/c39c9978cb864deeb377b7928a78f79d.html
  • Shangai Supercomputer Center. (2021). About Shanghai Big data Alliance. https://www.ssc.net.cn/en/about-bigdata.html
  • Simon, J., Bass, T., Boelman, V., ve Mulgan, G. (2017). Digital democracy. The tools transforming political engagement. Nesta.
  • Singh, B., Ragvar, A. ve Wongmahesak, K. (2025a). Public administration 5.0 in super smart society: Focusing policies and innovative solutions. K. Wongmahesak, J. Ahmad ve A. Mustanir (Eds.), Public Governance Practices in the Age of AI (s. 187-199). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9286-7.ch009
  • Singh, B., Ahmed, S., ve Wongmahesak, K. (2025b). Digitalization in public administration: Enhancing digital government and digital governance. K. Wongmahesak, J. Ahmad ve A. Mustanir (Eds.), Public Governance Practices in the Age of AI (s. 69-80). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9286-7.ch004
  • Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2023). On ikinci kalkınma planı (2024-2028). Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı.
  • Sundberg, L., ve Holmström, J. (2024). Citizen-centricity in digital government research: A literature review and integrative framework. Information Polity, 29 (1), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-220047
  • Sutton, RS (2020). John McCarthy’s definition of intelligence. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 11 (2) 66-67. https://doi.org/10.2478/jagi-2020-0003
  • Şen, E. (2023). Yerel yönetimlerde dijital dönüşüm ve akıllı kent uygulamaları: eleştirel bir bakış. Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 9 (2-1), 141-165.
  • Şen, AT (2024). From traditional public administration to digital hybrid public administration. Administration Quantrade Journal of Complex Systems in Social Sciences, 6 (1) , 81-93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11408035
  • Tekgül, Ç., (2024). Yerel yönetimlerde dijital devrim: stratejiler ve uygulamalar. Journal of Management Theory and Practices Research, 5 (2), 110-126.
  • The State Council of China (2019). Shanghai unveils plan to promote AI industry. https://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/201909/01/content_WS5d6afee7c6d0c6695ff7f99a.html
  • Tian, Y., ve Wang, Q. (2024). Priority setting and resource allocation in coastal local government marine regulatory reform: Application of machine learning in resource optimization. Water, 16 (11), 1544. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111544
  • Tonka, A., Demirdoven, B., & Cubuk, E. (2021). Preliminary study on Turkey's AI Policy:: Strategic Ambiguity or Long-term Uncertainty?. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (s. 569-571). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3463677.3463790
  • Trincă, VT, Stegerean, R., Petre, A., ve Nistor RL (2025). The key factors for a sustainable smart city – A case study of 22 international smart municipalities. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Negotia, 70 (1), 27–59. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbnegotia.2025.1.02
  • Tuğaç, Ç. (2023a). İklim değişikliği ve yapay zekâ: Fırsatlar ve sorunlar. Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16 (1), 74-94. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1240744
  • Tuğaç, Ç. (2023b). Birleşmiş milletler sürdürülebilir kalkınma amaçlarının gerçekleştirilmesinde yapay zekâ uygulamalarının rolü. Sayıştay Dergisi, 128, 73-99. https://doi.org/10.52836/sayistay.1245051
  • TÜİK. (2025). Adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi sonuçları, 2024. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2024-53783
  • United Nations. (2024a). Global Digital Compact (A/79/I.2). https://www.un.org/global-digital-compact/sites/default/files/2024-09/Global%20Digital%20Compact%20-%20English_0.pdf
  • United Nations. (2024b). Summit of the future: Outcome Documents: Pact for the future, global digital compact and declaration on future generations. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sotf-pact_for_the_future_adopted.pdf
  • US Department of Transportation (2021, June 9). Putting people first: Smart cities and communities. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/58182
  • Usta, S. ve Bilici, G. (2022). Analysis of the digitization process of Turkish public administration based on the perspective of digital government ındex and e-government development index. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 5 (3), 588-601. https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1201122
  • Uzun, MM, Yıldız, M. ve Önder, M. (2022). Big Questions of AI in Public Administration and Policy. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 31 (2), 423-442. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1121900
  • Valle-Cruz, D. ve Sandoval-Almazán, R. (2014). E-gov 4.0: a literature review towards the new government. Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o '14) (s.333-334). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2612733.2612788
  • Vasilenko, LA ve Zotov, VV (2020). Digitalization of public administration in Russia: risks, casuses, problems. Digital Society, 3 (2), 4-16. https://doi.org/10.26425/2658-347X-2020-2-4-16
  • Vrabie, C. (2023). E-government 3.0: An AI model to use for enhanced local democracies. Sustainability, 15 (12), 9572. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129572
  • Wirtz, BW, Weyerer, JC ve Geyer, C. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the public sector—Applications and challenges. International Journal of Public Administration, 42 (7), 596–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103
  • Wirtz, BW, Weyerer, JC ve Sturm, BJ (2020). The dark sides of artificial intelligence: An integrated AI governance framework for public administration. International Journal of Public Administration, 43 (9), 818-829. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2020.1749851
  • World Population Review. (2025a). Barcelona. https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/spain/barcelona
  • World Population Review. (2025b). Shanghai. https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/china/shanghai
  • Yang, S., Hussain, M., Zahid, R. ve Maqsood, U. (2024). The role of artificial intelligence in corporate digital strategies: evidence from China. Kybernetes, 54 (5), 3062-3082. https://doi.org/10.1108/k-08-2023-1583
  • Yigitcanlar, T., Corchado, JM, Mehmood, R., Li, RYM, Mossberger, K., ve Desouza, K. (2021). Responsible urban innovation with local government artificial intelligence (AI): A conceptual framework and research agenda. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7 (1), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010071
  • Yigitcanlar, T., Agdas, D., ve Degirmenci, K. (2023). Artificial intelligence in local governments: perceptions of city managers on prospects, constraints and choices. AI & Society, 38 (3), 1135-1150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01450-x
  • Yigitcanlar, T., David, A., Li, W., Fookes, C., Bibri, SE ve Ye, X. (2024). Unlocking artificial intelligence adoption in local governments: Best practice lessons from real-world implementations. Smart Cities, 7 (4), 1576-1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7040064
  • Zhang, Y. (2023). Citizens’ trust and digital attitudes: Evidence from city digital transformation in Shanghai, China. Public Administration and Policy, 26 (3), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-01-2023-0014

YEREL YÖNETİMLERDE YAPAY ZEKÂ, DİJİTALLEŞME VE ETİK YÖNETİŞİM: BARSELONA, ŞANGHAY VE ANKARA KENTLERİ ÜZERİNDEN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZ

Year 2025, Volume: 34 Issue: Uygarlığın Dönüşümü - Sosyal Bilimlerin Bakışıyla Yapay Zekâ, 160 - 191, 20.07.2025

Abstract

Kamu yönetiminde dijitalleşme süreci, özellikle yerel yönetim ölçeğinde giderek daha belirgin bir dönüşüme işaret etmektedir. Gelişen dijital teknolojiler, hizmet sunumunun niteliğini artırmanın ötesinde, karar alma süreçlerini yeniden yapılandırmakta ve yönetişim anlayışında yapısal değişimlere yol açmaktadır. Bu dönüşümün en dikkat çekici bileşenlerinden biri olan yapay zekâ teknolojileri, yerel yönetimlerin artan toplumsal talepler karşısında daha etkin, katılımcı ve veri temelli çözümler üretmesini mümkün kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yapay zekâ uygulamalarının yerel yönetimlerdeki dijitalleşme sürecine nasıl entegre edildiğini incelemek, bu entegrasyonun yönetsel verimlilik, vatandaş katılımı ve etik yönetişim üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmek ve elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda geleceğe yönelik politika önerileri sunmaktır. Bu bağlamda uluslararası örnekler teşkil eden Barselona ve Şanghay kentleriyle Türkiye'den Ankara kentinin karşılaştırmalı analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz, yapay zekâ uygulamalarının sunduğu potansiyelin yanı sıra veri güvenliği, dijital eşitsizlik, etik sorumluluklar ve kurumsal kapasite gibi temel sınırlılıkları da ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular doğrultusunda; etik ve hukuki çerçevenin güçlendirilmesi, veri yönetimi ve dijital altyapı ile kurumsal kapasitesinin geliştirilmesi, açık veri ve algoritmik şeffaflık sağlanması, dijital eşitsizlikle mücadele edilmesi, yerel yapay zekâ stratejileri ve eylem planları hazırlanması ve yerel yönetimler arasında iş birliğinin teşvik edilmesi yönünde politika önerileri geliştirilmiştir. Bu öneriler, yapay zekânın yerel düzeyde kapsayıcı, etik, şeffaf ve sürdürülebilir bir yönetişim aracı olarak kullanılmasını desteklemektedir.

Ethical Statement

Çalışmada herhangi bir potansiyel çıkar çatışması söz konusu değildir. Çalışma kapsamı bakımından Etik Kurul onayı gerekli değildir.

Supporting Institution

Çalışma finansal destek almamıştır.

References

  • ABB. (2021, Kasım 4). Başkent'te karekod anket dönemi başladı. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/tr/haberler/baskentte-karekod-anket-donemi-basladi-15004
  • ABB. (2022a, Temmuz 7). Mansur Yavaş duyurdu: Başkent araştırmaları merkezi çalışmalarına başladı. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/haberler/mansur-yavas-duyurdu-baskent-arastirmalari-merkezi-calismalarina-basladi-15716
  • ABB. (2022b, Temmuz 28). Dünyada ilk ve tek harita tabanlı açık veri paylaşımı: ‘Şeffaf Ankara’ başladı. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/haberler/dunyada-ilk-ve-tek-harita-tabanli-acik-veri-paylasimi-seffaf-ankara-basladi-15749
  • ABB. (2023). 2022 yılında şeffaflık ilkesiyle bin 233 ihale canlı yayınlandı. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/haberler/2022-yilinda-seffaflik-ilkesiyle-bin-233-ihale-canli-yayinlandi-16162
  • ABB. (2024). Tarım 4.0 Dijital Platformu Projesi (KIRBİS). https://s.ankara.bel.tr/files/2024/12/11/9fb091d73b7ee183f4130ff4ea1d68dc.pdf
  • ABB. (2025a). AKK’den Ankara’nın dijital yolcuğu için önemli adım dijital dönüşüm meclisi ilk toplantısını yaptı. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/haberler/akk-den-ankara-nin-dijital-yolcugu-icin-onemli-adim-17593
  • ABB. (2025b). Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanlığı 2025-2029 Stratejik Planı. ABB.
  • ABB. (2025c). Şeffaf Ankara. https://seffaf.ankara.bel.tr/
  • ABB. (2025d). İhaleler. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/ihaleler
  • ABB. (2025e). ABB Instagram gönderisi: 4000 ihale canlı yayınlandı. https://www.instagram.com/p/C4FNdLktTFl/
  • ABB. (2025f). Başkent Mobil. https://www.ankara.bel.tr/projeler/detay/baskent-mobil-18
  • ABB. (2025g). Wi-Fi noktaları. https://wifi.ankara.bel.tr/
  • ABB. (2025h). Askıda plan sorgulama. https://planaski.ankara.bel.tr/planaski
  • ABB. (2025i). E-belediye. https://ebelediye.ankara.bel.tr/ebelediye
  • Agatiello, OR (2008). Ethical governance: beyond good practices and standards, Management Decision, 46 (8), 1132-1145. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740810901345
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2021). Mesura de govern de l’estratégia municipial d’algoritmes i dades per a l’impuls étic de la intel-ligéncia artificial. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/sites/default/files/2023-11/Mesura-de-Govern-Intel-ligencia-artificial_cat-v2.47-ca-ES_.pdf
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2022). Informe 2022. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/economiatreball/sites/default/files/2024-01/Observatori%202022_ESP.pdf
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025a). The municipal algorithms and data strategy for an ethical promotion of artificial ıntelligence. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/ethical-use-artificial/ethical-use-artificial-intelligence/municipal
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025b). Digital talent. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technological-entrepreneurship-and-digital-talent/digital-talent
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025c). Map of resources to boost digitisation. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/mapa-recursos-digitals/en
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025d). Protocol for incorporating artificial intelligence into all municipal services. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/ethical-use-artificial/ethical-use-artificial-intelligence/protocol
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025e). Institut Municipal d'Informàtica-IMI. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/imi/en
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025f). Advisory Council on Artificial Intelligence. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/ethical-use-artificial/advisory-council-artificial-intelligence
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025g). Fight against digital inequality. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/fight-against-digital-inequality
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025h). Digital and technological training. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/digital-technological-training
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona. (2025i). Decidim Barcelona. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/accessible-and-participatory/accessible-and-participatory-5
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona (2025k). Cities Coalition for Digital Rights https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-accessible-everyone/safeguarding-digital-rights/safeguarding-digital-rights/cities
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona (2025l). Urban mobility. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-service-citizens/urban-mobility
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona (2025m). Municipal apps. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-service-citizens/municipal-apps
  • Ajuntament de Barcelona (2025n). Technology for a more sustainable city. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/digital/en/technology-service-citizens/technology-sustainable-city
  • Akinade, AO, Adepoju, PA, Ige, AB ve Afolabi, AI (2024). Artificial intelligence in traffic management: A review of smart solutions and urban impact. Iconıc Research And Engıneerıng Journals, 7 (12), 511-522.
  • Akıllı Şehir. (2025). Ankara. https://www.akillisehir.com/idet/11/680/ankara
  • Akıllı Şehirler. (2019). Akıllı şehir dönüşümü yol haritası. https://www.akillisehirler.gov.tr/akilli-sehir-donusumu/
  • Akıllı Şehirler Portalı. (2021). What is smart city? https://www.akillisehirler.gov.tr/what-is-smart-city/
  • Algorithm Register. (2023). Algorithmic transparency standard. https://www.algorithmregister.org/
  • Andersson, C., Hallin, A. ve Ivory, C. (2022). Unpacking the digitalisation of public services: Configuring work during automation in local government. Government Information Quarterly, 39 (1), 101662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101662
  • Androniceanu, A., Georgescu, I. ve Kinnunen, J. (2022). Public administration digitalization and corruption in the EU member states. A comparative and correlative research analysis. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 65E, 5-22. https://doi.org/10.24193/tras.65E.1
  • Androniceanu, A. ve Georgescu, I. (2023). Public administration digitalization and government effectiveness in the EU countries. Central European Public Administration Review, 21 (1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2023.1.01
  • Androniceanu, A. (2024). Generative artificial intelligence, present and perspectives in public administration. Administratie si Management Public, 43, 105-119. https://doi.org/10.24818/amp/2024.43-06
  • Ankara Kent Konseyi. (2025a, Ocak 30). Dijital Dönüşümden Üretken Yapay Zekâya. https://ankarakentkonseyi.org.tr/dijital-donusumden-uretken-yapay-zekaya/
  • Ankara Kent Konseyi. (2025b). Hakkımızda. https://ankarakentkonseyi.org.tr/hakkimizda/
  • Arabacı, A. (2021). Yerel yönetimlerde dijitalleşme: Eskişehir Tepebaşı belediyesi örneği. Atlas Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1 (7), 65-8.
  • Arumugam, N. (2022, October 2). What made Shanghai the world’s No.1 Smart City? https://www.citiesforum.org/news/what-made-shanghai-the-worlds-no-1-smart-city/
  • ASO-İLTEK. (2024). İllerin teknolojik gelişmişlik endeksi. https://www.aso.org.tr/uploads/ortam/ASO-ILTEK_IllerinTeknolojikGeli%C5%9FmislikEndeksiRaporu.pdf
  • Baig, A. ve Hasan, A. (2023, September 26). Understanding the Shanghai AI Regulations. https://securiti.ai/shanghai-ai-regulation/
  • Balatsky, EV ve Ekimova, NA (2021). Public administration tools: Forecasting vs designing. Upravlenets, 12 (1), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.15838/sa.2022.4.36.2
  • Bisogno, M., Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B. ve Abate, F. (2025). The role of institutional and operational factors in the digitalization of large local governments: insights from Italy. International Journal of Public Sector Management,38 (2), 238-258. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-10-2023-0291
  • Bozeman, B., ve Bretschneider, S. (1986). Public management information systems: Theory and prescription. Public Administration Review, 46 (6), 575-586.
  • Brand, DJ (2023). Ensuring the ethical development and use of AI in local governance. Journal of Ethics and Legal Technologies, 5, (2), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.14658/pupj-JELT-2023-2-6
  • Brown, D. (2005). Electronic government and public administration. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 71 (2), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852305053883
  • Bulut, Y. ve Aslan, MM (2019). Yerel yönetimlerde bilişim teknolojilerinin ve yapay zekânın kullanımı: akıllı park Ankara harikalar diyarı örneği. A. Çekiç Akyol (Ed.), 1. Uluslararası İletişim ve Yönetim Bilimleri Kongresi Bildiri Tam Metin Kitabı (s. 761-776). İnönü Üniversitesi.
  • Calzada, I. (2018). (Smart) citizens from data providers to decision-makers? the case study of Barcelona. Sustainability, 10 (8), 3252. . https://doi.org/10.3390/SU10093252.
  • Castilla, R., Pacheco, A. ve Franco, J. (2023). Digital government: Mobile applications and their impact on access to public information. SoftwareX, 22, 101382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2023.101382
  • Савченко, OC (2021). Систематизація наукових підходів до поняття «цифровізація у публічному управлінні». Серія: Публічне управління і адміністрування, 2 (76), 72-76. https://doi.org/10.32840/1813-3401.2022.2.12
  • Cellat, M. (2023). Yerel yönetimlerde metaverse denemeleri: Türkiye ve Güney Kore örneği. Kamu Yönetimi ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5 (1), 26-50. https://doi.org/10.58307/kaytek.1257990
  • Challoumis, C. (2024). Building a sustainable economy-how ai can optimize resource allocation. XVI International Scientific Conference (s. 190-224). https://conference-w.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/USA.P-0304102024.pdf#page=191
  • Charnock, G., March, H. ve Ribera-Fumaz, R. (2019). From smart to rebel city? Worlding, provincialising and the Barcelona Model. Urban Studies, 58 (3), 581-600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019872119
  • Chen, Z., Gan, W., Wu, J., Lin, H. ve Chen, C.M. Metaverse for smart cities: A survey. Internet of Things Cyber-Physical Systems, 4, 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.12.002
  • Commsworld. (2017). What is a Gigabit city? https://www.commsworld.com/insights/blog/2017/june/what-is-a-gigabit-city/#:~:text=Gigabit%20cities%20enjoy%20a%20pure,and%20also%20for%20mobile%20connectivity.
  • Criado, JI ve de Zarate-Alcarazo, LO (2022). Technological frames, CIOs, and artificial ıntelligence in public administration: A socio-cognitive exploratory study in Spanish local governments. Government Information Quarterly, 39 (3), 101688.
  • Crawford, K., ve Calo, R. (2016). There is a blind spot in AI research. Nature, 538(7625), 311-313. https://doi.org/10.1038/538311a
  • CSET. (2021, November 4). Shanghai municipal “14th five-year” plan for building a science and technology innovation center with global influence. https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/shanghai-municipal-14th-five-year-plan-for-building-a-science-and-technology-innovation-center-with-global-influence/
  • Cugurullo, F. ve Xu, Y. (2025). When AIs become oracles: Generative artificial intelligence, anticipatory urban governance, and the future of cities. Policy and Society, 44 (1), 98–115. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puae025
  • Cui, Q., Chen, R., Wei, R., Hu, X. ve Wang, G. (2023). Smart mega-city development in practice: A case of Shanghai, China. Sustainability, 15 (2), 1591. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021591
  • Da Costa Alexandre, A. ve Pereira, LM (2022). European Union fosters ethical AI in the public administration. DH de la Iglesia, JF de Paz Santana, AJ López Rivero (Eds.), International Conference on Disruptive Technologies, Tech Ethics and Artificial Intelligence (s. 103-113). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14859-0_9
  • Damar, M., Köse, HÖ., Cagle, MN ve Özen, A. (2024). Mapping the digital frontier: Bibliometric and machine learning ınsights into public administration transformation. Sayıştay Dergisi, 35 (132), 9-41. https://doi.org/10.52836/sayistay.1455036
  • David, G. (2024). Artificial intelligence: opportunities and challenges for public administration. Canadian Public Administration, 67 (3), 388-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/capa.12580
  • David, A., Yigitcanlar, T., Desouza, K., Li, RYM, Cheong, PH, Mehmood, R. ve Corchado, J. (2024). Understanding local government responsible AI strategy: An international municipal policy document analysis. Cities, 155, 105502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105502
  • Decidim. (2025). Faetures. https://decidim.org/features/
  • Deniz, G. ve Aksu, D. (2025). Yerel yönetimlerde yapay zekâ araştırmalarının ağ analizi ile değerlendirilmesi. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, 34 (2), 119-146.
  • Di Giulio, M., ve Vecchi, G. (2021). Implementing digitalization in the public sector. Technologies, agency, and governance. Public Policy and Administration, 38 (2), 133-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/09520767211023283
  • Diorditsa, IV (2024). Legal aspects of local government digitalization. The XI International Science Conference-Modern trends of youth: Advantages and significant disadvantages (s. 59-62). European Conference.
  • Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S., ve Tinkler, J. (2006). Digital era governance: IT corporations, the state, and e-government. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296194.001.0001
  • Eco Renewable Energy. (2025). 5 Key elements of smart city: Developing smart cities. https://www.ecorenewableenergy.com.au/articles/key-elements-to-establish-a-smart-city/
  • EC. (2023, September 27). eGovernment benchmark 2023. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/egovernment-benchmark-2023
  • EC. (2024, August 1). AI Act enters into force. https://commission.europa.eu/news/ai-act-enters-force-2024-08-01_en
  • EC. (2025). What are smart cities? https://commission.europa.eu/eu-regional-and-urban-development/topics/cities-and-urban-development/city-initiatives/smart-cities_en
  • EGO. (2019). Başkent’te dijital dönüşüm başlıyor. https://www.ego.gov.tr/tr/haber/5328/baskentte-dijital-donusum-basliyor
  • Erdem, AD ve Emini, FT (2021). Ankara büyükşehir belediyesinin e-belediye uygulamalarının kamu bürokrasisinin sorunları bağlamında incelenmesi. OPUS, 18 (Yönetim ve Organizasyon Özel Sayısı), 1909-1942. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.846600
  • Fantin Irudaya Raj, E. ve Baladi, M. (2022). Application of deep learning and machine learning in pattern recognition. N. Kumar, C. Shahnaz, K. Kumar, M. Abed Mohammed, RS Raw (Eds.), Advance concepts of image processing and pattern recognition. transactions on computer systems and networks (s. 63-89). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9324-3_4
  • Floridi, L., ve Taddeo, M. (2016). What is data ethics? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374 (2083), 20160360. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0360
  • Floridi, L. ve Cowls, J. (2019). Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A Unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1 (1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.8cd550d1
  • Gil de Zúñiga, H., Goyanes, M., ve Durotoye, T. (2023). A scholarly definition of artificial ıntelligence (AI): advancing AI as a conceptual framework in communication research. Political Communication, 41 (2), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2290497
  • Global Observatory of Urban Artificial Intelligence. (2025). Barcelona’s AI Strategy. https://gouai.cidob.org/resources/barcelonas-ai-strategy/
  • Gomstyn, A. ve Jonker, A. (2023, November 22). What is a smart city? https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/smart-city
  • Google Play. (2025). Başkent Mobil. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tr.bel.ankara.baskentmobil&hl=tr
  • Gökçek, SG (2022). Yerel yönetimlerde nüfusa bağlı olarak dijitalleşmenin performansa etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi.
  • Hammerschmid, G., Palaric, E., Rackwitz, M. ve Wegrich, K. (2024). A shift in paradigm? Collaborative public administration in the context of national digitalization strategies. Governance, 37 (2), 411–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12778
  • Helbing, D., Mahajan, S., Fricker, RH, Musso, A., Hausladen, CI, Carissimo, C., ... ve Pournaras, E. (2023). Democracy by design: Perspectives for digitally assisted, participatory upgrades of society. Journal of Computational Science, 71, 102061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2023.102061
  • Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or neo-liberal? City, 12 (3), 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810802479126
  • Houy, C., Hamberg, M., ve Fettke, P. (2019). Robotic process automation in public administrations. Digitalisierung von Staat und Verwaltung (s. 62-74). Gesellschaft für Informatik eV.
  • İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2023). Ankara’da yılbaşı denetimleri KGYS merkezi’nden takip ediliyor. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/ankarada-yilbasi-denetimleri-kgys-merkezinden-takip-ediliyor
  • Işıklı, Ş. (2015). Digital citizenship: An actual contribution to theory of participatory democracy. AJIT-e: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 6 (18), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2015.1.002.x
  • Jiménez, DL, Dittmar, EC ve Portillo, JPV (2025). Political, regulatory, and ethical concerns of AI, blockchain, and cloud computing in public administration. K. Wongmahesak, J. Ahmad ve A. Mustanir (Eds.), Public Governance Practices in the Age of AI (s. 207-238). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9894-4.ch008
  • Juniper Research. (2023, May). Shanghai Ranked World’s Number 1 Smart City in 2023. https://www.juniperresearch.com/press/shanghai-ranked-worlds-number-1-smart-city/
  • Karaca, Y., ve Öztürk, NK (2019). Yeni nesil belediyecilik: Dijital belediye uygulamaları. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 2 (3), 528-537. https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.649557
  • Karpenko, O., Osmak, A. ve Karpenko, Y. (2020). Mechanisms of the overcoming the digital inequality of the population in Ukraine: interoperable governance, educational technologies of artificial intelligence and geoinformational startups. Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG, 2020, 84-90. https://doi.org/10.4467/2543859XPKG.20.022.12790
  • Karpenko , O., Vasiuk , N. ve Osmak , A. (2024). Artificial intelligence as a digital tool for the project approach in public administration and local governance. Strategy of Economic Development of Ukraine, 55, 189-200. https://doi.org/10.33111/sedu.2024.55.189.200
  • Khan, W., Daud, A., Khan, K., Muhammed, S. ve Haq, R. (2023). Exploring the frontiers of deep learning and natural language processing: A comprehensive overview of key challenges and emerging trends. Natural Language Processing Journal, 4, 100026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlp.2023.100026
  • Kimari, AM, Niyitunga, EB ve Mohammad, J. (2023). The Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Service Delivery in South African Local Municipalities. African Journal of Development Studies, 13 (4), 267.
  • Klarić, M. (2023). Smart digitalization and public services in the EU. EU and comparative law issues and challenges series (ECLIC), 7, 151–174. https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/27446
  • Koekemoer, S. ve Van Solms, R. (2021). Does the 4th industrial revolution provide solutions for sustainable basic service delivery in south African municipalities? Journal of Public Administration, 56 (2), 339-351.
  • Köse, H. Ö. ve Polat, N. (2021). Dijital dönüşüm ve denetimin geleceğine etkisi. Sayıştay Dergisi, 32 (123), 9-41. https://doi.org/10.52836/sayistay.1068328
  • Kukharenko, MV (2024). The impact of digitalization on modern democratic processes and public administration. http://journal-app.uzhnu.edu.ua/article/view/311024
  • Langa, VG ve Thakhathi, RD (2022). The role of smart cities to promote smart governance in municipalities. Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Journal. 6 (2), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.25019/scrd.v6i2.125
  • Lazarova, E., Veselinova, N. (2023). The digital transformation of Bulgarian municipal administration in the era of artificial intelligence. CompSysTech '23: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies (s. 54-58). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3606305.3606319
  • Lee, Y. ve Sun, Z. (2023). Managed transparency: Chinese government transparency. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 9(3), 388-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911231199162
  • Li, Y., Fan, Y., ve Nie, L. (2023). Making governance agile: Exploring the role of artificial intelligence in China’s local governance. Public Policy and Administration, 40 (2), 276-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/09520767231188229
  • Lin, Y. (2018). A comparison of selected Western and Chinese smart governance: The application of ICT in governmental management, participation and collaboration. Telecommunications Policy, 42 (10), 800-809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.07.003
  • Liu, J., Lee, J. ve Zhou, R. (2023). Review of big-data and AI application in typhoon-related disaster risk early warning in Typhoon Committee region. Tropical Cyclone Research and Review, 12 (4), 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcrr.2023.12.004
  • Liu, T., ve Zhou, B. (2024). The impact of artificial intelligence on the green and low‐carbon transformation of Chinese enterprises. Managerial and Decision Economics. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.4164
  • Liu, H., Wang, Y. ve Yan, Z. (2024). Artificial intelligence and food processing firms productivity: Evidence from China. Sustainability, 16 (14), 5928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145928
  • Lutz, C. (2024). Social Inequalities and artificial intelligence: how digital inequality scholarship enhances our understanding. Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence and Beyond (s. 193-210). Routledge.
  • Ma, Z. ve Cao, Y. (2023). Political participation in China: Towards a new definition and typology. Social Sciences, 12 (10), 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12100531
  • Mäntysalo, V. (2015). The importance of transparency in ethical governance: Current research and finnish citizens’ perceptions. Halduskultuur, 16 (1), 48-67.
  • Marvin, S., While, A., Chen, B. ve Kovacic, M. (2022). Urban AI in China: Social control or hyper-capitalist development in the post-smart city? Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2022.1030318
  • Mehta, N. ve Devarakonda, MV (2018). Machine learning, natural language programming, and electronic health records: The next step in the artificial intelligence journey? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141 (6), 2019-2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.025
  • Mezgec, S., Eftimov, T., Bucher, T., ve Seljak, BK (2019). Mixed deep learning and natural language processing method for fake-food image recognition and standardization to help automated dietary assessment. Public health nutrition, 22 (7), 1193-1202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018000708
  • Milakovich, ME (2021). Digital governance: Applying advanced technologies to ımprove public service (2th edition). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003215875
  • Mittal, P. (2020). Big data and analytics: a data management perspective in public administration. International Journal of Big Data Management, 1 (2), 152-165. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBDM.2020.112415
  • Mukta, MY, Rahman, MA, Asyhari, AT ve Bhuiyan, MZA (2020). IoT for energy efficient green highway lighting systems: Challenges and issues. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 158, 102575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102575
  • Mynenko, S. ve Lyulyov, O. (2022). The impact of digitalization on the transparency of public authorities. Business Ethics and Leadership, 6 (2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(2).103-115.2022
  • Novachenko, TV, Bielska, TV, Afonin, EA, Lashkina, MH, Kozhemiakina, OM ve Diachenko, NP (2020). Use of information technology to increase economic efficiency and credibility in public administration in the context of digitization. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 8 (1), 374-382.
  • Obiuto, NC, Adebayo, RA, Olajiga, OK, ve Festus-Ikhuoria, IC (2024). Integrating artificial intelligence in construction management: Improving project efficiency and cost-effectiveness. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(2), 639-647.
  • Odilov, J. (2024). Digital use of artificial intelligence in public administration. International Journal of Law and Policy, 2 (3), 7-15. https://doi.org/10.59022/ijlp.161
  • OECD. (2019). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. OECD Legal Instruments, OECD/LEGAL/0449. https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/oecd-legal-0449
  • OECD. (2023). Digital government review of Türkiye: Towards a digitally-enabled government. OECD Digital Government Studies, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/3958d102-en.
  • Okcu, M. (2024). Yerel yönetimler ve vatandaş iletişiminde dijitalleşme. SETA.
  • Omar, SS, Nayef, JM, Qasim, NH, Kawad, RT ve Kalenychenko, R. (2024). The role of digitalization in improving accountability and efficiency in public services. Revista Investigacion Operacional, 45 (2), 203-224.
  • Özyardımcı, EE (2022). Dijitalleşmenin yerel yönetimlere etkisi: Türkiye ve İngiltere yerel yönetimleri örnekleri. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4 (2), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.46482/ebyuiibfdergi.1206590
  • Panda, M., Hossain, MM, Puri, R. ve Ahmad, A. (2025). Artificial intelligence in action: Shaping the future of public sector. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-10-2024-0272
  • Patrucco, AS, Agasisti, T., ve Glas, AH (2020). Structuring public procurement in local governments: The effect of centralization, standardization and digitalization on performance. Public Performance & Management Review, 44 (3), 630–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2020.1851267
  • Pislaru, M., Vlad, CS, Ivascu, L., ve Mircea, II (2024). Citizen-centric governance: Enhancing citizen engagement through artificial ıntelligence tools. Sustainability, 16 (7), 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072686
  • Rehr, D., ve Munteanu, D. (2021). The promise of robotic process automation for the public sector. https://cbce. gmu. edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/The-Promise-of-RPA-For-The-Public-Sector. pdf.
  • Ren, C. (2025). Smart governance in Shanghai in the context of public health emergencies. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences, 148, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2024.LD19170
  • Rudenko, O., Zaika, O., Varynskyi, V., Kulchii, I., ve Myroshnychenko, A. (2024). Digitization of local self-government based on the use of artificial intelligence in the context of sustainable development. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8 (6), 1467-1480. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i6.2263
  • Ruhana, F., Alimuddin, A., Hidayat, YS, Afrilia, UA ve Zulfikar, W. (2023). Optimizing public services through the application of artificial intelligence a case study of integrated administrative services at the sub-district level. Visioner : Jurnal Pemerintahan Daerah Di Indonesia, 15 (2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.54783/jv.v15i2.860
  • Russell, SJ ve Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Saldanha, DMF, Dias, CN ve Guillaumon, S. (2022). Transparency and accountability in digital public services: Learning from the Brazilian cases. Government Information Quarterly, 39 (2), 101680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101680
  • Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı ve Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi. (2021). Ulusal yapay zekâ stratejisi 2021-2025. https://cbddo.gov.tr/SharedFolderServer/Genel/File/TR-UlusalYZStratejisi2021-2025.pdf
  • Sarker, MNI, Wu, M. ve Hossin, MA (2018). Smart governance through bigdata: Digital transformation of public agencies. 2018 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data (ICAIBD) (s. 62-70). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAIBD.2018.8396168
  • Saxena, D., Muzellec, L. ve McDonagh, J. (2022). From bureaucracy to citizen-centricity: How the citizen-journey should ınform the digital transformation of public services. International Journal of Electronic Government Research (IJEGR), 18 (1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEGR.305230
  • Schuett, J. (2019). A legal definition of AI. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3453632
  • Shanghai Ecology and Environment Bureau. (2019). Shanghai Ecological and Environmental Bulletin. https://sthj.sh.gov.cn/cmsres/46/466ec89fc615435aa3cad653304f0a8e/5d8cc2b97461048222d072e8e77d7790.pdf
  • Shangai Electric. (2025). Company profile. https://www.shanghai-electric.com/group_en/segit/
  • Shanghai International Service. (2025a). International Science and Technology Innovation Center. https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-ThisisShanghai/20231207/c2e35579c22641fb9d5a51ab9f0066ba.html
  • Shanghai International Service. (2025b, April 11). Shanghai launches transport plan to improve business ecosystem. https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-BusinessEnvironmentActionPlan/20250411/c39c9978cb864deeb377b7928a78f79d.html
  • Shangai Supercomputer Center. (2021). About Shanghai Big data Alliance. https://www.ssc.net.cn/en/about-bigdata.html
  • Simon, J., Bass, T., Boelman, V., ve Mulgan, G. (2017). Digital democracy. The tools transforming political engagement. Nesta.
  • Singh, B., Ragvar, A. ve Wongmahesak, K. (2025a). Public administration 5.0 in super smart society: Focusing policies and innovative solutions. K. Wongmahesak, J. Ahmad ve A. Mustanir (Eds.), Public Governance Practices in the Age of AI (s. 187-199). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9286-7.ch009
  • Singh, B., Ahmed, S., ve Wongmahesak, K. (2025b). Digitalization in public administration: Enhancing digital government and digital governance. K. Wongmahesak, J. Ahmad ve A. Mustanir (Eds.), Public Governance Practices in the Age of AI (s. 69-80). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9286-7.ch004
  • Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2023). On ikinci kalkınma planı (2024-2028). Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı.
  • Sundberg, L., ve Holmström, J. (2024). Citizen-centricity in digital government research: A literature review and integrative framework. Information Polity, 29 (1), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-220047
  • Sutton, RS (2020). John McCarthy’s definition of intelligence. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 11 (2) 66-67. https://doi.org/10.2478/jagi-2020-0003
  • Şen, E. (2023). Yerel yönetimlerde dijital dönüşüm ve akıllı kent uygulamaları: eleştirel bir bakış. Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 9 (2-1), 141-165.
  • Şen, AT (2024). From traditional public administration to digital hybrid public administration. Administration Quantrade Journal of Complex Systems in Social Sciences, 6 (1) , 81-93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11408035
  • Tekgül, Ç., (2024). Yerel yönetimlerde dijital devrim: stratejiler ve uygulamalar. Journal of Management Theory and Practices Research, 5 (2), 110-126.
  • The State Council of China (2019). Shanghai unveils plan to promote AI industry. https://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/201909/01/content_WS5d6afee7c6d0c6695ff7f99a.html
  • Tian, Y., ve Wang, Q. (2024). Priority setting and resource allocation in coastal local government marine regulatory reform: Application of machine learning in resource optimization. Water, 16 (11), 1544. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111544
  • Tonka, A., Demirdoven, B., & Cubuk, E. (2021). Preliminary study on Turkey's AI Policy:: Strategic Ambiguity or Long-term Uncertainty?. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (s. 569-571). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3463677.3463790
  • Trincă, VT, Stegerean, R., Petre, A., ve Nistor RL (2025). The key factors for a sustainable smart city – A case study of 22 international smart municipalities. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Negotia, 70 (1), 27–59. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbnegotia.2025.1.02
  • Tuğaç, Ç. (2023a). İklim değişikliği ve yapay zekâ: Fırsatlar ve sorunlar. Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16 (1), 74-94. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1240744
  • Tuğaç, Ç. (2023b). Birleşmiş milletler sürdürülebilir kalkınma amaçlarının gerçekleştirilmesinde yapay zekâ uygulamalarının rolü. Sayıştay Dergisi, 128, 73-99. https://doi.org/10.52836/sayistay.1245051
  • TÜİK. (2025). Adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi sonuçları, 2024. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2024-53783
  • United Nations. (2024a). Global Digital Compact (A/79/I.2). https://www.un.org/global-digital-compact/sites/default/files/2024-09/Global%20Digital%20Compact%20-%20English_0.pdf
  • United Nations. (2024b). Summit of the future: Outcome Documents: Pact for the future, global digital compact and declaration on future generations. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sotf-pact_for_the_future_adopted.pdf
  • US Department of Transportation (2021, June 9). Putting people first: Smart cities and communities. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/58182
  • Usta, S. ve Bilici, G. (2022). Analysis of the digitization process of Turkish public administration based on the perspective of digital government ındex and e-government development index. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 5 (3), 588-601. https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1201122
  • Uzun, MM, Yıldız, M. ve Önder, M. (2022). Big Questions of AI in Public Administration and Policy. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 31 (2), 423-442. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1121900
  • Valle-Cruz, D. ve Sandoval-Almazán, R. (2014). E-gov 4.0: a literature review towards the new government. Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o '14) (s.333-334). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2612733.2612788
  • Vasilenko, LA ve Zotov, VV (2020). Digitalization of public administration in Russia: risks, casuses, problems. Digital Society, 3 (2), 4-16. https://doi.org/10.26425/2658-347X-2020-2-4-16
  • Vrabie, C. (2023). E-government 3.0: An AI model to use for enhanced local democracies. Sustainability, 15 (12), 9572. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129572
  • Wirtz, BW, Weyerer, JC ve Geyer, C. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the public sector—Applications and challenges. International Journal of Public Administration, 42 (7), 596–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103
  • Wirtz, BW, Weyerer, JC ve Sturm, BJ (2020). The dark sides of artificial intelligence: An integrated AI governance framework for public administration. International Journal of Public Administration, 43 (9), 818-829. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2020.1749851
  • World Population Review. (2025a). Barcelona. https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/spain/barcelona
  • World Population Review. (2025b). Shanghai. https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/china/shanghai
  • Yang, S., Hussain, M., Zahid, R. ve Maqsood, U. (2024). The role of artificial intelligence in corporate digital strategies: evidence from China. Kybernetes, 54 (5), 3062-3082. https://doi.org/10.1108/k-08-2023-1583
  • Yigitcanlar, T., Corchado, JM, Mehmood, R., Li, RYM, Mossberger, K., ve Desouza, K. (2021). Responsible urban innovation with local government artificial intelligence (AI): A conceptual framework and research agenda. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7 (1), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010071
  • Yigitcanlar, T., Agdas, D., ve Degirmenci, K. (2023). Artificial intelligence in local governments: perceptions of city managers on prospects, constraints and choices. AI & Society, 38 (3), 1135-1150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01450-x
  • Yigitcanlar, T., David, A., Li, W., Fookes, C., Bibri, SE ve Ye, X. (2024). Unlocking artificial intelligence adoption in local governments: Best practice lessons from real-world implementations. Smart Cities, 7 (4), 1576-1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7040064
  • Zhang, Y. (2023). Citizens’ trust and digital attitudes: Evidence from city digital transformation in Shanghai, China. Public Administration and Policy, 26 (3), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-01-2023-0014
There are 181 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Participation and Community Engagement, Participation and Governance
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Çiğdem Tuğaç 0000-0002-2555-6641

Publication Date July 20, 2025
Submission Date April 25, 2025
Acceptance Date June 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 34 Issue: Uygarlığın Dönüşümü - Sosyal Bilimlerin Bakışıyla Yapay Zekâ

Cite

APA Tuğaç, Ç. (2025). YEREL YÖNETİMLERDE YAPAY ZEKÂ, DİJİTALLEŞME VE ETİK YÖNETİŞİM: BARSELONA, ŞANGHAY VE ANKARA KENTLERİ ÜZERİNDEN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZ. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 34(Uygarlığın Dönüşümü - Sosyal Bilimlerin Bakışıyla Yapay Zekâ), 160-191. https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1683790