Abstract
Amaç: Kağıt ve madeni paralar insanlar arasında çok sık el değiştirdiği için ciddi enfeksiyonların bulaştırıcılığı ve halk sağlığı açısından önemli olduğu bilinmektedir. Para sayma alışkanlıkları, tuvalet ve el hijyenine uyum gibi birçok konuda ülkeler ve bölgeler arasında büyük farklılıklar görülmektedir. Bu düşünce kapsamında yabancı turistlerin ve yabancı göçünün fazla olduğu, yoğun ticaret bölgesi olan İstanbul’a bağlı Fatih ilçesinde çevrimde olan yerli ve yabancı madeni paraların farklı meslek gruplarından toplanarak bakteriyolojik açıdan incelenmesini amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada 50 adet yerli madeni para; balıkçı, sebzeci, tekstilci ve market çalışanından, 50 adet yabancı madeni para ise döviz bürosundan rastgele örneklem metodu ile toplandı. Paraların her biri alındıktan sonra, içerisinde Brain Heart Infusion Broth bulunan falkonlar içerisine atıldı. Toplanan tüm paralar laboratuvarda aynı falkonlar içerisinde hiçbir işlem yapılmadan oda ısısında 24 saat bekletildi ve sonrasında bakteri üretimi için besiyerlerine ekim yapıldı.
Bulgular: Bakteriyel kontaminasyon oranı yerli madeni paralarda %86, yabancı madeni paralarda %74 olarak saptandı. Yerli madeni paraların 26’sında (%52) Acinetobacter spp., 15’inde (%30) Bacillus spp., 12’sinde (%24) Klebsiella spp., 5’inde (%10) KNS, 5’inde (%10) Enterobacter spp., 2’sinde (%4) Pseudomonas spp., 2’sinde (%4) E. coli ve 1’inde (%2) Candida spp. üredi. Yabancı madeni paraların ise 22’sinde (%44) Acinetobacter spp., 9’unda (%18) Bacillus spp., 4’ünde (%8) KNS, 4’ünde (%8) Klebsiella spp., 2’sinde (%4) Enterobacter spp. ve 1’inde (%2) Nocardia spp. üredi.
Sonuç: Farklı esnaf gruplarından toplanan yerli madeni paraların özellikle balıkçı (%100) ve sebzeciden (%19) toplananlarında yüksek oranda gözlenen bakteri kontaminasyonunun, bu gruplarda hijyenik ortamın sağlanamamasından kaynaklandığını ve el hijyeninin kesintiye uğradığını düşünüyoruz.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
Etik Kurul Onayı: Bu çalışma Haliç Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu tarafından 29.11.2024 tarihinde 199 sayılı 2024/140 dosya numarası ile etik yönden uygun bulunmuştur.
Supporting Institution
Çalışmayı Destekleyen Fon ve Kuruluşlar: Bu çalışma, İstanbul Üniversitesi- Cerrahpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından TYL-2019-34170 proje kodu ile desteklenmiştir.
Project Number
TYL-2019-34170
Thanks
Bu çalışma, İstanbul Üniversitesi- Cerrahpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından TYL-2019-34170 proje kodu ile desteklenmiş olup, İstanbul Üniversitesi- Cerrahpaşa, Lisanasüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Mikrobiyoloji Programı’nda hazırlanan, yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir.
References
- Alemu A. Microbial Contamination of Currency Notes and Coins in Circulation: A Potential Public Health Hazard. Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2014;2(3):46-53.
- Yar DD. Bacterial Contaminants and Antibiogram of Ghana Paper Currency Notes in Circulation and Their Associated Health Risks in Asante-Mampong, Ghana. International Journal of Microbiology. 2020;1(8):8833757.
- Kramer A, Assadian O. Survival of Microorganisms on Inanimate Surfaces. In: Borkow G, (eds). Use of Biocidal Surfaces for Reduction of Healthcare Acquired Infections. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014. p. 7-26.
- Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Storr J. The WHO Clean Care is Safer Care programme: field-testing to enhance sustainability and spread of hand hygiene improvements. J Infect Public Health. 2008;1(1):4- 10.
- Aiello AE, Coulborn RM, Perez V, Larson EL. Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(8):1372-81.
- Al-Ghamdi AK, Abdelmalek SM, Bamaga MS, Azhar EI, Wakid MH, Alsaied Z. Bacterial contamination of Saudi "one" Riyal paper notes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011;42(3):711-6.
- Moosavy MH, Shavisi N, Warriner K, Mostafavi E. Bacterial Contamination of Iranian Paper Currency. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42(9):1067-70.
- Coşkun E, Özceylan D. Türkiye'deki illerin sosyoekonomik gelişmişlik düzeyleri ve afetlerden sosyal ve ekonomik zarar görebilirlikleri arasındaki ilişki. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2012;41(1):31-46.
- Erden Özsoy C. Küreselleşme Sürecinde Dış Ticarette Kültür Farklılıklarının Yönetimi. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;10(2):37-50.
- Alabbasy AJ. A literature review on microbial contamination of paper currency. IJEC. 2019;18:22.
- Agarwal G, Ingle NA, Kaur N, Ingle E, Charania Z. Assessment of microbial contamination of Indian currency notes in Mathura City, India: a crosssectional study. Journal of Advanced Oral Research. 2015;6(3):43-8.
- Ayandele A, Ayandele S. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of microorganisms isolated from Naira notes in Ogbomoso North, Nigeria. Journal of research in Biology. 2011;1(8):587-93.
- Neel R. Multidrug resistance of isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in paper currency notes from restaurants and hotels in Lusaka in Zambia. Int J Pharm Sci. 2012;5(1):363-6.
- Firoozeh F, Dadgostar E, Akbari H, Zibaei M, Sadjjadian SMS, Moshtaghi MM, et al. Bacterial contamination of Iranian paper currency and their antibiotic resistance patterns. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2017;5(4):106-10.
- Angelakis E, Azhar EI, Bibi F, Yasir M, Al-Ghamdi AK, Ashshi AM, et al. Paper Money and Coins as Potential Vectors of Transmissible Disease. Future Microbiology. 2014;9(2):249-61.
- Jatrana S, Hasan MM, Mamun AA, Fatima Y. Global Variation in Hand Hygiene Practices Among Adolescents: The Role of Family and School-Level Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Internet]. 2021; 18(9).
- Kim J, Yu SN, Jeong YS, Kim JH, Jeon MH, Kim T, et al. Hand hygiene knowledge, attitude, barriers and improvement measures among healthcare workers in the Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional survey exploring interprofessional differences. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control. 2023;12(1):93.
- Vriesekoop F, Russell C, Alvarez-Mayorga B, Aidoo K, Yuan Q, Scannell A, et al. Dirty money: an investigation into the hygiene status of some of the world's currencies as obtained from food outlets. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010;7(12):1497-502.
- Taiwade P, Kayal T, Gedam D, Meshram P, Bhise S. Assessment of bacteriological contamination in coin currency in circulation. Indian Journal of Microbiology Research. 2024;11(4).
- Maritz JM, Sullivan SA, Prill RJ, Aksoy E, Scheid P, Carlton JM. Filthy lucre: A metagenomic pilot study of microbes found on circulating currency in New York City. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0175527.
- Abrams BL, Waterman NG. Dirty money. Jama. 1972;219(9):1202-3.
- Pope TW, Ender PT, Woelk WK, Koroscil MA, Koroscil TM. Bacterial contamination of paper currency. South Med J. 2002;95(12):1408-10.
- Xu J, Moore JE, Millar BC. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) identification of the culturable bacterial flora on monetary coinage from 17 currencies. J Environ Health. 2005;67(7):51-5.
- Alemayehu H, Ashenafi M. Microbial load of Ethiopian currency notes collected from various sources. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci. 2019;6(4):119-26.
- Rahman SMR, Uddin MN, Nain Z, Karim MM. Screening for microbial load and antibiotic resistance pattern in Escherichia coli isolated from paper currency circulating in Kushtia, Bangladesh. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2019;7(4):1161-5.
- Doyuk SA. Madeni paraların bakteriyolojik incelenmesi ve sonuçlarının halk sağlığı açısından değerlendirilmesi [Yüksek Lisans]: Dumlupınar Üniversitesi; 2007.
- Demirci M, Celepler Y, Dincer S, Yildirim I, Çiğrikci HU, Kalyenci N, et al. Should we leave the paper currency? A microbiological examination. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2020;33(2):94-102
Abstract
Introduction: It is known that paper currency and coins change hands between people very frequently and are important for public health and the transmission of serious infections. There are great differences between countries and regions in many issues such as money counting habits and compliance with toilet and hand hygiene. Within the scope of this idea, we aimed to collect domestic and foreign coins from different professional groups and examine them bacteriologically in the Fatih region of Istanbul, which is a busy trade area where foreign tourists and foreign immigration are high.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 50 domestic coins were collected from fishermen, vegetable sellers, textile sellers and market workers, and 50 foreign coins were collected from the foreign exchange office by random sampling method. After each coin was taken, it was thrown into falcones containing Brain Heart Infusion Broth. All collected coins were kept in the same falcons in the laboratory for 24 hours at room temperature without any processing, and then they were planted in media for bacterial production.
Results: The bacterial contamination rate was found to be 86% in domestic coins and 74% in foreign coins. Acinetobacter spp. in 26 (52%) of the local coins, Bacillus spp. in 15 (30%), Klebsiella spp. in 12 (24%), KNS in 5 (10%), 10) Enterobacter spp., 2 (4%) Pseudomonas spp., 2 (4%) E. coli and 1 (2%) Candida spp. procreated. Of the foreign coins, 22 (44%) had Acinetobacter spp., 9 (18%) had Bacillus spp., 4 (8%) had KNS, 4 (8%) had Klebsiella spp., 2 had ( 4%) Enterobacter spp. and 1 (2%) with Nocardia spp. procreated.
Conclusion: We think that the high rate of bacterial contamination observed in local coins collected from different tradesmen groups, especially those collected from fishermen (100%) and vegetable sellers (19%), is due to the lack of a hygienic environment in these groups and hand hygiene is interrupted.
Keywords
Project Number
TYL-2019-34170
References
- Alemu A. Microbial Contamination of Currency Notes and Coins in Circulation: A Potential Public Health Hazard. Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2014;2(3):46-53.
- Yar DD. Bacterial Contaminants and Antibiogram of Ghana Paper Currency Notes in Circulation and Their Associated Health Risks in Asante-Mampong, Ghana. International Journal of Microbiology. 2020;1(8):8833757.
- Kramer A, Assadian O. Survival of Microorganisms on Inanimate Surfaces. In: Borkow G, (eds). Use of Biocidal Surfaces for Reduction of Healthcare Acquired Infections. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014. p. 7-26.
- Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Storr J. The WHO Clean Care is Safer Care programme: field-testing to enhance sustainability and spread of hand hygiene improvements. J Infect Public Health. 2008;1(1):4- 10.
- Aiello AE, Coulborn RM, Perez V, Larson EL. Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(8):1372-81.
- Al-Ghamdi AK, Abdelmalek SM, Bamaga MS, Azhar EI, Wakid MH, Alsaied Z. Bacterial contamination of Saudi "one" Riyal paper notes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011;42(3):711-6.
- Moosavy MH, Shavisi N, Warriner K, Mostafavi E. Bacterial Contamination of Iranian Paper Currency. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42(9):1067-70.
- Coşkun E, Özceylan D. Türkiye'deki illerin sosyoekonomik gelişmişlik düzeyleri ve afetlerden sosyal ve ekonomik zarar görebilirlikleri arasındaki ilişki. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2012;41(1):31-46.
- Erden Özsoy C. Küreselleşme Sürecinde Dış Ticarette Kültür Farklılıklarının Yönetimi. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;10(2):37-50.
- Alabbasy AJ. A literature review on microbial contamination of paper currency. IJEC. 2019;18:22.
- Agarwal G, Ingle NA, Kaur N, Ingle E, Charania Z. Assessment of microbial contamination of Indian currency notes in Mathura City, India: a crosssectional study. Journal of Advanced Oral Research. 2015;6(3):43-8.
- Ayandele A, Ayandele S. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of microorganisms isolated from Naira notes in Ogbomoso North, Nigeria. Journal of research in Biology. 2011;1(8):587-93.
- Neel R. Multidrug resistance of isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in paper currency notes from restaurants and hotels in Lusaka in Zambia. Int J Pharm Sci. 2012;5(1):363-6.
- Firoozeh F, Dadgostar E, Akbari H, Zibaei M, Sadjjadian SMS, Moshtaghi MM, et al. Bacterial contamination of Iranian paper currency and their antibiotic resistance patterns. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2017;5(4):106-10.
- Angelakis E, Azhar EI, Bibi F, Yasir M, Al-Ghamdi AK, Ashshi AM, et al. Paper Money and Coins as Potential Vectors of Transmissible Disease. Future Microbiology. 2014;9(2):249-61.
- Jatrana S, Hasan MM, Mamun AA, Fatima Y. Global Variation in Hand Hygiene Practices Among Adolescents: The Role of Family and School-Level Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Internet]. 2021; 18(9).
- Kim J, Yu SN, Jeong YS, Kim JH, Jeon MH, Kim T, et al. Hand hygiene knowledge, attitude, barriers and improvement measures among healthcare workers in the Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional survey exploring interprofessional differences. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control. 2023;12(1):93.
- Vriesekoop F, Russell C, Alvarez-Mayorga B, Aidoo K, Yuan Q, Scannell A, et al. Dirty money: an investigation into the hygiene status of some of the world's currencies as obtained from food outlets. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010;7(12):1497-502.
- Taiwade P, Kayal T, Gedam D, Meshram P, Bhise S. Assessment of bacteriological contamination in coin currency in circulation. Indian Journal of Microbiology Research. 2024;11(4).
- Maritz JM, Sullivan SA, Prill RJ, Aksoy E, Scheid P, Carlton JM. Filthy lucre: A metagenomic pilot study of microbes found on circulating currency in New York City. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0175527.
- Abrams BL, Waterman NG. Dirty money. Jama. 1972;219(9):1202-3.
- Pope TW, Ender PT, Woelk WK, Koroscil MA, Koroscil TM. Bacterial contamination of paper currency. South Med J. 2002;95(12):1408-10.
- Xu J, Moore JE, Millar BC. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) identification of the culturable bacterial flora on monetary coinage from 17 currencies. J Environ Health. 2005;67(7):51-5.
- Alemayehu H, Ashenafi M. Microbial load of Ethiopian currency notes collected from various sources. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci. 2019;6(4):119-26.
- Rahman SMR, Uddin MN, Nain Z, Karim MM. Screening for microbial load and antibiotic resistance pattern in Escherichia coli isolated from paper currency circulating in Kushtia, Bangladesh. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2019;7(4):1161-5.
- Doyuk SA. Madeni paraların bakteriyolojik incelenmesi ve sonuçlarının halk sağlığı açısından değerlendirilmesi [Yüksek Lisans]: Dumlupınar Üniversitesi; 2007.
- Demirci M, Celepler Y, Dincer S, Yildirim I, Çiğrikci HU, Kalyenci N, et al. Should we leave the paper currency? A microbiological examination. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2020;33(2):94-102
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Clinical Microbiology |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | TYL-2019-34170 |
| Publication Date | April 29, 2025 |
| Submission Date | February 6, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | March 10, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 |
e-ISSN: 2791-9935