Research Article
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The perception scale for curriculum leadership: Validity and reliability study

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 367 - 386

Cemile Keski , İlkay Doğan Taş

https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1518335

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to create a measurement instrument that would be both valid and reliable for assessing middle school branch teachers' perceptions of curriculum leadership. A straightforward random sample technique was used to choose the participants. 343 middle school branch teachers made up the study's sample. The researchers created the "Curriculum Leadership Perception Scale," with 21 items to collect quantitative data. The scale's reliability was investigated utilizing McDonald’s omega coefficient, item discrimination, and split-half reliability analyses, while its validity was evaluated through face, content, and construct validity. For face and content validity, expert opinion and a pilot study were carried out; EFA and CFA were used for construct validity. While the 213 participants' data were used for EFA, the 130 participants' data were used for CFA. Eighteen items were eliminated following the EFA, and a CFA was carried out. The following fit indices were obtained for the scale by the analysis: RMSEA = .062, GFI = .982, NNFI/TLI = .929, CFI = .940, and IFI = .941. The reliability coefficient for McDonald’s omega was .932. Based on the analyses, a valid and reliable scale with 21 items and four components was created to determine middle school branch teachers' perception of curriculum leadership.

Keywords

Curriculum leadership Branch teacher Middle school Leadership Scale development

Ethical Statement

Kırıkkale University, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Ethics Committee, 12-02.

References

  • Akbaş, O., & Keskin, A. (2021). Eğitim programı liderliği [Curriculum leadership]. In G. Ekici, & S.M. Özdemir (Eds.), Eğitimde program geliştirme ve değerlendirme [Curriculum development and evaluation in education]. Nobel Academic Publishing.
  • Akbaş, O., Keskin, A., & Duman, S.N. (2021). Eğitim programı liderliği yeterlilikleri üzerine bir araştırma [A study on curriculum leadership competencies]. Turkish Journal of Primary Education, 6(2), 157-179. https://doi.org/10.52797/tujped.1014824
  • Akbulut, Y. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS uygulamaları [SPSS applications in social sciences]. İdeal Kültür Publishing.
  • Akpınar, B. (2017). Eğitimde program geliştirme [Curriculum development in education]. Data Publishing.
  • Bayirli, A., & Balcı, A. (2021). Okul müdürlerinin eğitim programı liderliğini belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması [Developing a scale to determine curriculum leadership of school principals]. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 19(2), 1252-1276. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.938818
  • Bolat, Y., & Baş, M. (2023). İki önemli öğretmenlik mesleği yeterliği: eğitim programı okuryazarlığı ve eğitim programı liderliği [Two important teaching professional competencies: Curriculum literacy and curriculum leadership]. Journal of Education for Life, 37(2), 294-330. https://doi.org/10.33308/26674874.2023372541
  • Bentler, P.M., & Chou, C.P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004
  • Berinsky, A. (2004). Silent voices: Public opinion and political participation in America. Princeton University Press.
  • Brown, T.A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Press.
  • Browne, M.W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage Publications.
  • Carpenter, S. (2017). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1), 25 44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583
  • Chen, J., Yang, Y., Xu, F., Xu, W., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Factors Influencing Curriculum Leadership of Primary and Secondary School Teachers from the Perspective of Field Dynamic Theory: An Empirical Investigation in China. Sustainability, 13, 12007. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112007
  • Cherryholmes, C.H. (1988). Power and criticism: Poststructural investigations in education. Teachers College Press.
  • Chuan-Hsing, W., & Mei-Ju, C. (2016). A study on curriculum leadership indicators regarding elementary school dean of academic affairs. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Sciences, 4(8), 20–48.
  • Creswell, J., & Guetterman, T.C. (2018). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (6th Ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
  • Çelik, V. (2012). Eğitimsel liderlik [Educational leadership]. Pegem Publishing.
  • Çobanoğlu, R., & Yıldırım, A. (2021). Türkiye’de Program Geliştirme Çalışmaları: Cumhuriyet’in İlanından Günümüze Tarihsel Bir Analiz [Curriculum Development Studies in Türkiye: A Historical Analysis from the Declaration of Republic to Present] The Journal of Turkish Educational Science, 19(2), 810-830. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.912329
  • de Winter, J.C.F., & Dodou, D. (2012). Response to commentary on "The driver behaviour questionnaire as a predictor of accidents: A meta-analysis". Journal of Safety Research, 43(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2011.06.013
  • Demirel, Ö. (2021). Eğitimde program geliştirme [Curriculum development in education]. Pegem Academic Publishing.
  • DeVellis, R.F., & Thorpe, C.T. (2021). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
  • Dewey, J. (1897). My pedagogic creed. The School Journal, 54, 77–80.
  • Ertürk, S. (2013). Eğitimde program geliştirme [Curriculum development in education]. Edge Academic Publishing.
  • Fabrigar, L.R., Wegener, D.T., MacCallum, R.C., & Strahan, E.J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299.
  • Field, A. (2009) Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. 3rd Edition, Sage Publications Ltd., London.
  • Frankel, J.R., & Wallen, N.E. (2008). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw Hill Higher Education.
  • Giroux, H.A. (1991). Border pedagogy and the politics of postmodernism. Social Text, 28, 51–67. https://doi.org/10.2307/466376
  • Glatthorn, A.A., Boschee, F., & Whitehead, B.M. (2005). Curriculum leadership: Development and implementation. Sage Publications.
  • Harris, A., Jones, M., & Crick, T. (2020). Curriculum leadership: a critical contributor to school and system improvement. School Leadership & Management, 40(1), 1 4. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2020.1704470
  • Henderson, J.G., Castner, D.J., & Schneider, J.L. (2018). Democratic curriculum leadership: critical awareness to pragmatic artistry. Rowan & Little.
  • Ho, D.C.W. (2010). Teacher participation in curriculum and pedagogical decisions: Insights into curriculum leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 38(5), 613–624. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1741143210373739
  • Ho, R. (2006). Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis and interpretation with SPSS. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M.R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1): 53–60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
  • Horn, J.L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
  • Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hutcheson, G., & Sofroniou, N. (2006). The multivariate social scientist: introductory statistics using generalized linear models (2nd ed.). Sage
  • Jacobs, H.H. (2004). Getting results with curriculum mapping. Association for Supervision.
  • Johns, R. (2005). One Size doesn’t fit all: Selecting response scales for attitude items. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 15(2), 237 264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13689880500178849
  • Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315788135
  • Kline, R.B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Krosnick, J. (1991). Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 213 36. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350050305
  • Krosnick, J.A., & Presser, S. (2010). Question and questionnaire design. In P.V. Marsden & J.D. Wright (Eds.), Handbook of survey research (2nd ed., pp. 263–313). Emerald Group Publishing.
  • Mardia, K.V. (1970). Measures of Multivariate Skewness and Kurtosis with Applications. Biometrika, 57, 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
  • Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı [MEB]. (2017). Öğretmenlik mesleği genel yeterlikleri [General competencies for teaching profession]. https://oygm.meb.gov.tr/dosyalar/StPrg/Ogretmenlik_Meslegi_Genel_Yeterlikleri.pdf
  • Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (2007). Mplus user’s guide. Muthén & Muthén.
  • Noddings, N. (2013). Education and democracy in the 21st. century. Teachers College, Columbia University.
  • Park, H.S., Dailey, R., & Lemus, D. (2002). The use of exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis in communication research. Human Communication Research, 28(4), 562–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00824.x
  • Pinar, W., Reynolds, W., Slattery, P., & Taubman, P. (1995). Understanding curriculum: An introduction to the study of historical and contemporary curriculum discourses. Peter Lang.
  • Posner, G.J. (1995). Analyzing the curriculum. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
  • R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software manual]. http://www.R-project.org/
  • Schwab, J.J. (1971). The practical: Arts of eclectic. The School Review, 79, 493-542. https://doi.org/10.1086/442998
  • Taba, H. (1962). Curriculum development: Theory and practice. Brace ve World, Inc.
  • Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon.
  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Applied Psychological Measurement, 31(3), 245 248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621606290168
  • Wiles, J. (2016). Eğitim program liderliği [Leading curriculum development]. (B. Acat, Trans. Ed.). Nobel Academic Publishing.

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 367 - 386

Cemile Keski , İlkay Doğan Taş

https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1518335

Abstract

References

  • Akbaş, O., & Keskin, A. (2021). Eğitim programı liderliği [Curriculum leadership]. In G. Ekici, & S.M. Özdemir (Eds.), Eğitimde program geliştirme ve değerlendirme [Curriculum development and evaluation in education]. Nobel Academic Publishing.
  • Akbaş, O., Keskin, A., & Duman, S.N. (2021). Eğitim programı liderliği yeterlilikleri üzerine bir araştırma [A study on curriculum leadership competencies]. Turkish Journal of Primary Education, 6(2), 157-179. https://doi.org/10.52797/tujped.1014824
  • Akbulut, Y. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS uygulamaları [SPSS applications in social sciences]. İdeal Kültür Publishing.
  • Akpınar, B. (2017). Eğitimde program geliştirme [Curriculum development in education]. Data Publishing.
  • Bayirli, A., & Balcı, A. (2021). Okul müdürlerinin eğitim programı liderliğini belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması [Developing a scale to determine curriculum leadership of school principals]. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 19(2), 1252-1276. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.938818
  • Bolat, Y., & Baş, M. (2023). İki önemli öğretmenlik mesleği yeterliği: eğitim programı okuryazarlığı ve eğitim programı liderliği [Two important teaching professional competencies: Curriculum literacy and curriculum leadership]. Journal of Education for Life, 37(2), 294-330. https://doi.org/10.33308/26674874.2023372541
  • Bentler, P.M., & Chou, C.P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004
  • Berinsky, A. (2004). Silent voices: Public opinion and political participation in America. Princeton University Press.
  • Brown, T.A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Press.
  • Browne, M.W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage Publications.
  • Carpenter, S. (2017). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1), 25 44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583
  • Chen, J., Yang, Y., Xu, F., Xu, W., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Factors Influencing Curriculum Leadership of Primary and Secondary School Teachers from the Perspective of Field Dynamic Theory: An Empirical Investigation in China. Sustainability, 13, 12007. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112007
  • Cherryholmes, C.H. (1988). Power and criticism: Poststructural investigations in education. Teachers College Press.
  • Chuan-Hsing, W., & Mei-Ju, C. (2016). A study on curriculum leadership indicators regarding elementary school dean of academic affairs. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Sciences, 4(8), 20–48.
  • Creswell, J., & Guetterman, T.C. (2018). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (6th Ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
  • Çelik, V. (2012). Eğitimsel liderlik [Educational leadership]. Pegem Publishing.
  • Çobanoğlu, R., & Yıldırım, A. (2021). Türkiye’de Program Geliştirme Çalışmaları: Cumhuriyet’in İlanından Günümüze Tarihsel Bir Analiz [Curriculum Development Studies in Türkiye: A Historical Analysis from the Declaration of Republic to Present] The Journal of Turkish Educational Science, 19(2), 810-830. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.912329
  • de Winter, J.C.F., & Dodou, D. (2012). Response to commentary on "The driver behaviour questionnaire as a predictor of accidents: A meta-analysis". Journal of Safety Research, 43(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2011.06.013
  • Demirel, Ö. (2021). Eğitimde program geliştirme [Curriculum development in education]. Pegem Academic Publishing.
  • DeVellis, R.F., & Thorpe, C.T. (2021). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
  • Dewey, J. (1897). My pedagogic creed. The School Journal, 54, 77–80.
  • Ertürk, S. (2013). Eğitimde program geliştirme [Curriculum development in education]. Edge Academic Publishing.
  • Fabrigar, L.R., Wegener, D.T., MacCallum, R.C., & Strahan, E.J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299.
  • Field, A. (2009) Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. 3rd Edition, Sage Publications Ltd., London.
  • Frankel, J.R., & Wallen, N.E. (2008). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw Hill Higher Education.
  • Giroux, H.A. (1991). Border pedagogy and the politics of postmodernism. Social Text, 28, 51–67. https://doi.org/10.2307/466376
  • Glatthorn, A.A., Boschee, F., & Whitehead, B.M. (2005). Curriculum leadership: Development and implementation. Sage Publications.
  • Harris, A., Jones, M., & Crick, T. (2020). Curriculum leadership: a critical contributor to school and system improvement. School Leadership & Management, 40(1), 1 4. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2020.1704470
  • Henderson, J.G., Castner, D.J., & Schneider, J.L. (2018). Democratic curriculum leadership: critical awareness to pragmatic artistry. Rowan & Little.
  • Ho, D.C.W. (2010). Teacher participation in curriculum and pedagogical decisions: Insights into curriculum leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 38(5), 613–624. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1741143210373739
  • Ho, R. (2006). Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis and interpretation with SPSS. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M.R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1): 53–60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
  • Horn, J.L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
  • Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hutcheson, G., & Sofroniou, N. (2006). The multivariate social scientist: introductory statistics using generalized linear models (2nd ed.). Sage
  • Jacobs, H.H. (2004). Getting results with curriculum mapping. Association for Supervision.
  • Johns, R. (2005). One Size doesn’t fit all: Selecting response scales for attitude items. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 15(2), 237 264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13689880500178849
  • Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315788135
  • Kline, R.B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Krosnick, J. (1991). Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 213 36. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350050305
  • Krosnick, J.A., & Presser, S. (2010). Question and questionnaire design. In P.V. Marsden & J.D. Wright (Eds.), Handbook of survey research (2nd ed., pp. 263–313). Emerald Group Publishing.
  • Mardia, K.V. (1970). Measures of Multivariate Skewness and Kurtosis with Applications. Biometrika, 57, 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
  • Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı [MEB]. (2017). Öğretmenlik mesleği genel yeterlikleri [General competencies for teaching profession]. https://oygm.meb.gov.tr/dosyalar/StPrg/Ogretmenlik_Meslegi_Genel_Yeterlikleri.pdf
  • Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (2007). Mplus user’s guide. Muthén & Muthén.
  • Noddings, N. (2013). Education and democracy in the 21st. century. Teachers College, Columbia University.
  • Park, H.S., Dailey, R., & Lemus, D. (2002). The use of exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis in communication research. Human Communication Research, 28(4), 562–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00824.x
  • Pinar, W., Reynolds, W., Slattery, P., & Taubman, P. (1995). Understanding curriculum: An introduction to the study of historical and contemporary curriculum discourses. Peter Lang.
  • Posner, G.J. (1995). Analyzing the curriculum. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
  • R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software manual]. http://www.R-project.org/
  • Schwab, J.J. (1971). The practical: Arts of eclectic. The School Review, 79, 493-542. https://doi.org/10.1086/442998
  • Taba, H. (1962). Curriculum development: Theory and practice. Brace ve World, Inc.
  • Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon.
  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Applied Psychological Measurement, 31(3), 245 248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621606290168
  • Wiles, J. (2016). Eğitim program liderliği [Leading curriculum development]. (B. Acat, Trans. Ed.). Nobel Academic Publishing.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Scale Development
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cemile Keski 0000-0002-6660-5016

İlkay Doğan Taş 0000-0002-1418-1688

Early Pub Date May 1, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date July 18, 2024
Acceptance Date March 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Keski, C., & Taş, İ. D. (2025). The perception scale for curriculum leadership: Validity and reliability study. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 12(2), 367-386. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1518335

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