Research Article
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The Effectiveness of Different Kickboxing Anaerobic Speed Test Variations in Distinguishing Experienced And Novice Kickboxers: A Discriminant Function Analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 35 - 51, 25.04.2025

Cebrail Gençoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1597481

Abstract

The Kickboxing Anaerobic Speed Test (KAST) is a performance assessment test developed specifically for kickboxing; however, there is limited information regarding its effectiveness in distinguishing between novice and experienced athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of single and multiple KASTs, administered with varying repetition numbers, in distinguishing between novice and experienced kickboxers. A total of 24 kickboxers voluntarily participated to this study and they were assigned to experienced group ([EG] age: 21.5 ± 2.7 years; height: 173.5 ± 3.4 cm; body mass: 66.6 ± 5.9 kg; body mass index [BMI]: 22.08 ± 1.3; training age: 8.4 ± 1.5 years) and novice group ([BG] age: 20.8 ± 2.0 years; height: 172.6 ± 4.2 cm; body mass: 67.0 ± 6.5 kg; BMI: 22.44 ± 1.4; training age: 2.7 ± 1.1 years). The study participants were administered both single and multiple variations of the KAST. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS 27 software and the significance level was accepted as p<0.05. Age, height, body mass, and BMI did not significantly differ between the groups (p>0.05). However, training age was significantly higher (p<0.001) and KASTbest, KASTmultiple and all KAST sets (first to five) were significantly lower in the EG than BG (p<0.001). Moreover, discriminant functions analyses showed that KASTmultiple classified groups correctly by %91.7 while KASTbest classified groups correctly by %83.3. The Kickboxing Anaerobic Speed Test (KAST) stands as a reliable metric for assessing kickboxers' performance levels. However, a five-set multiple KAST offers greater discriminative validity than its single-set counterpart.

Keywords

Discriminant Kickboxing Performance Sport-Specific Test

Ethical Statement

All protocols and ethical approval of the study were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ataturk University, Winter Sports and Sports Sciences Institute (20.06.2023, E-70400699050.02.04-2300191246; 2023/6) and all necessary legal and ethical processes were completed before the study began. The privacy of the participants and the confidentiality of their personal data were protected, all data were anonymized and used only for scientific purposes. In addition, artificial intelligence support was received for the figures used to create the study scheme and Turkish language grammar corrections.

Supporting Institution

This research was presented as an oral presentation at the 7th International Academic Sports Research Congress (Trabzon/2023) between 7-9 October.

Thanks

We would like to thank all our athletes and their coaches who voluntarily participated in the study.

References

  • Buse, G. J., & Santana, J.C. (2008). Conditioning strategies for competitive kickboxing. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 30(4), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31817f19cd .
  • Chaabene, H., Negra, Y., Bouguezzi, R., Capranica, L., Franchini, E., Prieske, O., . . . et al. (2018). Tests for the assessment of sport-specific performance in Olympic combat sports: A systematic review with practical recommendations. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 386.
  • Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press.
  • da Silva Santos, J. F., & Franchini, E. (2018). Frequency speed of kick test performance comparison between female taekwondo athletes of different competitive levels. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(10), 2934-2938.
  • Fukuda, D. H., Stout, J. R., Kendall, K. L., Smith, A. E., Wray, M. E., & Hetrick, R. P. (2013). The effects of tournament preparation on anthropometric and sport-specific performance measures in youth judo athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(2), 331-339.
  • Gabbett, T. J., Nassis, G. P., Oetter, E., Pretorius, J., Johnston, N., Medina, D., . . . et al. (2017). The athlete monitoring cycle: a practical guide to interpreting and applying training monitoring data. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 51, 1451-1452.
  • Gençoğlu, C., & Şen, İ. (2021). Comparison of CrossFit Barbara and classic resistance trainings for the protection of strength performance during off-season in kickboxers. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 29(3), 319-326.
  • Gençoğlu, C., Ulupınar, S., Özbay, S., Ouergui, I., & Franchini, E. (2023). Reliability and validity of the kickboxing anaerobic speed test. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1-10.
  • Gençoğlu, C., Ulupınar, S., Özbay, S., Turan, M., Savaş, B. Ç., Asan, S., … et al. (2023). Validity and reliability of “My Jump app” to assess vertical jump performance: a meta-analytic review. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 20137.
  • Hopkins, W. G. (2002). A scale of magnitudes for effect statistics: A new view of statistics. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 502, 411.
  • IOC (2024, June 7). International Olympic Committee https://www.olympics.org.
  • Kishali, N., Ulupinar, S., & Ozbay, S. (2021). Energy system contributions and physiological responses during single and repeated Wingate exercise forms in kickboxers. Medicina Dello Sport, 74(2).
  • Krupalija, E., Kapo, S., Raāo, I., Ajnadžiþ, N., & Simonoviþ, D. (2010). Structural analysis of the situational efficiency in the kickboxing disciplines full contact and low kick. Homo Sporticus, 12(2), 36-40.
  • Lames, M., & McGarry, T. (2007). On the search for reliable performance indicators in game sports. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7(1), 62-79.
  • Ouergui, I., Benyoussef, A., Houcine, N., Abedelmalek, S., Franchini, E., Gmada, N., . . . et al. (2021). Physiological responses and time-motion analysis of kickboxing: differences between full contact, light contact, and point fighting contests. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(9), 2558-2563. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003190
  • Ouergui, I., Haddad, M., Hammami, N., & Chamari, K. (2015). Time motion and technical and tactical analysis of taekwondo competition. Performance Optimization in Taekwondo: From Laboratory to Field, 38.
  • Ouergui, I., Hammouda, O., Chtourou, H., Gmada, N., & Franchini, E. (2014). Effects of recovery type after a kickboxing match on blood lactate and performance in anaerobic tests. Asian journal of sports medicine, 5(2), 99.
  • Ouergui, I., Houcine, N., Marzouki, H., Davis, P., Zaouali, M., Franchini, E., . . . et al. (2015). Development of a noncontact kickboxing circuit training protocol that simulates elite male kickboxing competition. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(12), 3405-3411.
  • Ouergui, I., Hssin, N., Franchini, E., Gmada, N., & Bouhlel, E. (2013). Technical and tactical analysis of high level kickboxing matches. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 13(2), 294-309.
  • Özbay, S., Gençoğlu, C., Ulupınar, S., Çınar, V., Ouergui, I., & Hölbling, D. (2024). The effect of fatigue on strength-power tests for distinguishing elite-level male kickboxers. Isokinetics and Exercise Science(Preprint), 1-12.
  • Rohsler, R., Campos, F. d. S., Varoni, P. R., Baumann, L., Demarchi, M., Teixeira, A. S., . . . et al. (2020). Performance comparison in the Wingate test between standing and seated positions in competitive cyclists. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 26(2), e10200169.
  • Salci, Y. (2015). The metabolic demands and ability to sustain work outputs during kickboxing competitions. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 15(1), 39-52.
  • Suchomel, T. J., Bailey, C. A., Sole, C. J., Grazer, J. L., & Beckham, G. K. (2015). Using reactive strength index-modified as an explosive performance measurement tool in Division I athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(4), 899-904.
  • Thiele, D., Prieske, O., Chaabene, H., & Granacher, U. (2020). Effects of strength training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in recreational, sub-elite, and elite rowers: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(10), 1186-1195.
  • TrKickBoksFdr (2024, Ağustos 8). Türkiye Kick Boks Federasyonu. https://www.kickboks.gov.tr/
  • Ulupınar, S., & Ince, I. (2021). Prediction of competition performance via commonly used strength-power tests in junior female weightlifters. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 29(3), 309-317.
  • Ulupinar, S., Özbay, S., & Gençoğlu, C. (2021). Counter movement jump and sport specific frequency speed of kick test to discriminate between elite and sub-elite kickboxers. Acta Gymnica, 50(4), 141-146.
  • Ulupınar, S., Özbay, S., & Gençoğlu, C. (2021). The effectiveness of taekwondo-specific single and multiple frequency speed of kick tests in distinguishing the experienced and novice taekwondo players. Spor Hekimligi Dergisi, 56(3).
  • Ulupınar, S., Özbay, S., Gençoğlu, C., & Ince, I. (2021). Performance differences between greco-roman and freestyle wrestlers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(11), 3270-3279.
  • WAKO (2024, Temmuz 12). World Associations of Kickboxing Organizations. https://wako.sport/
  • Wright, G. A., Isaacson, M. I., Malecek, D. J., & Steffen, J. P. (2015). Development and assessment of reliability for a sandbag throw conditioning test for wrestlers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(2), 451-457.

Çeşitli Kick Boks Anaerobik Hız Testi Varyasyonlarının Deneyimli ve Başlangıç Seviye Kick Boks Sporcularını Ayırt Etmedeki Etkinliği: Bir Diskriminant Fonksiyon Analizi

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 35 - 51, 25.04.2025

Cebrail Gençoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1597481

Abstract

Kick Boks Anaerobik Hız Testi (Kickboxing Anaerobic Speed Test, KAST), kick boks sporu için özel olarak geliştirilmiş bir performans değerlendirme testidir ancak başlangıç seviyesindeki ve deneyimli sporcuları ayırt etmedeki etkinliği üzerine sınırlı bilgi bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı tekrar sayılarına sahip tekli ve çoklu KAST'ların, başlangıç seviyesindeki ve deneyimli kickboksçuları ayırt etmedeki etkinliğini araştırmaktır. Çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 24 kickboksçu Deneyimli Grup ([DG] yaş: 21,5 ± 2,7 yıl; boy: 173,5 ± 3,4 cm; vücut kütlesi: 66,6 ± 5,9 kg; vücut kitle indeksi [VKİ]: 22,08 ± 1,3; antrenman yaşı: 8,4 ± 1,5 yıl) ve Başlangıç Grubu ([BG] yaş: 20,8 ± 2,0 yıl; boy: 172,6 ± 4,2 cm; vücut kütlesi: 67,0 ± 6,5 kg; VKİ: 22,44 ± 1,4; antrenman yaşı: 2,7 ± 1,1 yıl) olarak gruplara ayrılmıştır. Katılımcılara hem tekli hem de çoklu KAST varyasyonları uygulanmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler SPSS 27 yazılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiş ve anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Yaş, boy, vücut kütlesi ve VKİ gruplar arasında anlamlı fark göstermemiştir (p>0,05). Ancak, antrenman yaşı anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bulunmuş (p<0,001) ve KASTmaks, KASTtoplam ve tüm KAST setleri (Birinci setten beşinci sete kadar) DG'de BG'ye göre anlamlı derecede daha düşük bulunmuştur (p<0,001). Ayrıca, diskriminant fonksiyon analizleri, KASTtoplam’ın grupları %91,7 oranında doğru sınıflandırırken, KASTmaks’ın grupları %83,3 oranında doğru sınıflandırdığını göstermiştir. Kick Boks Anaerobik Hız Testi (KAST), kickboksçuların performans seviyelerini değerlendirmede güvenilir bir ölçüt olarak hizmet etmektedir. Bununla birlikte, beş setlik toplam KAST, tek setlik en iyi skor KAST'a kıyasla daha yüksek ayırt edici geçerliliğe sahiptir.

Keywords

Diskriminant Kick Boks Performans Spor-Spesifik Test

Ethical Statement

Çalışmanın tüm protokolleri ve etik onayı Atatürk Üniversitesi Kış Sporları ve Spor Bilimleri Enstitüsü Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmış (20.06.2023, E-70400699050.02.04-2300191246; 2023/6) ve çalışmaya başlamadan önce gerekli tüm yasal ve etik süreçler tamamlanmıştır. Katılımcıların mahremiyeti ve kişisel verilerinin gizliliği korunmuştur, tüm veriler anonimleştirilmiş ve yalnızca bilimsel amaçlarla kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışma şemasının oluşturulmasında kullanılan şekiller ve Türkçe dil bilgisi düzeltmeleri için yapay zeka desteği alınmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Bu araştırma 7-9 Ekim tarihleri arasında 7. Uluslararası Akademik Spor Araştırmaları Kongresi’nde (Trabzon/2023) sözlü bildiri olarak sunulmuştur.

Thanks

Çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan tüm sporcularımıza ve antrenörlerine teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Buse, G. J., & Santana, J.C. (2008). Conditioning strategies for competitive kickboxing. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 30(4), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31817f19cd .
  • Chaabene, H., Negra, Y., Bouguezzi, R., Capranica, L., Franchini, E., Prieske, O., . . . et al. (2018). Tests for the assessment of sport-specific performance in Olympic combat sports: A systematic review with practical recommendations. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 386.
  • Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press.
  • da Silva Santos, J. F., & Franchini, E. (2018). Frequency speed of kick test performance comparison between female taekwondo athletes of different competitive levels. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(10), 2934-2938.
  • Fukuda, D. H., Stout, J. R., Kendall, K. L., Smith, A. E., Wray, M. E., & Hetrick, R. P. (2013). The effects of tournament preparation on anthropometric and sport-specific performance measures in youth judo athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(2), 331-339.
  • Gabbett, T. J., Nassis, G. P., Oetter, E., Pretorius, J., Johnston, N., Medina, D., . . . et al. (2017). The athlete monitoring cycle: a practical guide to interpreting and applying training monitoring data. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 51, 1451-1452.
  • Gençoğlu, C., & Şen, İ. (2021). Comparison of CrossFit Barbara and classic resistance trainings for the protection of strength performance during off-season in kickboxers. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 29(3), 319-326.
  • Gençoğlu, C., Ulupınar, S., Özbay, S., Ouergui, I., & Franchini, E. (2023). Reliability and validity of the kickboxing anaerobic speed test. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1-10.
  • Gençoğlu, C., Ulupınar, S., Özbay, S., Turan, M., Savaş, B. Ç., Asan, S., … et al. (2023). Validity and reliability of “My Jump app” to assess vertical jump performance: a meta-analytic review. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 20137.
  • Hopkins, W. G. (2002). A scale of magnitudes for effect statistics: A new view of statistics. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 502, 411.
  • IOC (2024, June 7). International Olympic Committee https://www.olympics.org.
  • Kishali, N., Ulupinar, S., & Ozbay, S. (2021). Energy system contributions and physiological responses during single and repeated Wingate exercise forms in kickboxers. Medicina Dello Sport, 74(2).
  • Krupalija, E., Kapo, S., Raāo, I., Ajnadžiþ, N., & Simonoviþ, D. (2010). Structural analysis of the situational efficiency in the kickboxing disciplines full contact and low kick. Homo Sporticus, 12(2), 36-40.
  • Lames, M., & McGarry, T. (2007). On the search for reliable performance indicators in game sports. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7(1), 62-79.
  • Ouergui, I., Benyoussef, A., Houcine, N., Abedelmalek, S., Franchini, E., Gmada, N., . . . et al. (2021). Physiological responses and time-motion analysis of kickboxing: differences between full contact, light contact, and point fighting contests. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(9), 2558-2563. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003190
  • Ouergui, I., Haddad, M., Hammami, N., & Chamari, K. (2015). Time motion and technical and tactical analysis of taekwondo competition. Performance Optimization in Taekwondo: From Laboratory to Field, 38.
  • Ouergui, I., Hammouda, O., Chtourou, H., Gmada, N., & Franchini, E. (2014). Effects of recovery type after a kickboxing match on blood lactate and performance in anaerobic tests. Asian journal of sports medicine, 5(2), 99.
  • Ouergui, I., Houcine, N., Marzouki, H., Davis, P., Zaouali, M., Franchini, E., . . . et al. (2015). Development of a noncontact kickboxing circuit training protocol that simulates elite male kickboxing competition. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(12), 3405-3411.
  • Ouergui, I., Hssin, N., Franchini, E., Gmada, N., & Bouhlel, E. (2013). Technical and tactical analysis of high level kickboxing matches. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 13(2), 294-309.
  • Özbay, S., Gençoğlu, C., Ulupınar, S., Çınar, V., Ouergui, I., & Hölbling, D. (2024). The effect of fatigue on strength-power tests for distinguishing elite-level male kickboxers. Isokinetics and Exercise Science(Preprint), 1-12.
  • Rohsler, R., Campos, F. d. S., Varoni, P. R., Baumann, L., Demarchi, M., Teixeira, A. S., . . . et al. (2020). Performance comparison in the Wingate test between standing and seated positions in competitive cyclists. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 26(2), e10200169.
  • Salci, Y. (2015). The metabolic demands and ability to sustain work outputs during kickboxing competitions. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 15(1), 39-52.
  • Suchomel, T. J., Bailey, C. A., Sole, C. J., Grazer, J. L., & Beckham, G. K. (2015). Using reactive strength index-modified as an explosive performance measurement tool in Division I athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(4), 899-904.
  • Thiele, D., Prieske, O., Chaabene, H., & Granacher, U. (2020). Effects of strength training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in recreational, sub-elite, and elite rowers: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(10), 1186-1195.
  • TrKickBoksFdr (2024, Ağustos 8). Türkiye Kick Boks Federasyonu. https://www.kickboks.gov.tr/
  • Ulupınar, S., & Ince, I. (2021). Prediction of competition performance via commonly used strength-power tests in junior female weightlifters. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 29(3), 309-317.
  • Ulupinar, S., Özbay, S., & Gençoğlu, C. (2021). Counter movement jump and sport specific frequency speed of kick test to discriminate between elite and sub-elite kickboxers. Acta Gymnica, 50(4), 141-146.
  • Ulupınar, S., Özbay, S., & Gençoğlu, C. (2021). The effectiveness of taekwondo-specific single and multiple frequency speed of kick tests in distinguishing the experienced and novice taekwondo players. Spor Hekimligi Dergisi, 56(3).
  • Ulupınar, S., Özbay, S., Gençoğlu, C., & Ince, I. (2021). Performance differences between greco-roman and freestyle wrestlers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(11), 3270-3279.
  • WAKO (2024, Temmuz 12). World Associations of Kickboxing Organizations. https://wako.sport/
  • Wright, G. A., Isaacson, M. I., Malecek, D. J., & Steffen, J. P. (2015). Development and assessment of reliability for a sandbag throw conditioning test for wrestlers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(2), 451-457.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Training
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cebrail Gençoğlu 0000-0002-0990-9224

Early Pub Date April 24, 2025
Publication Date April 25, 2025
Submission Date December 6, 2024
Acceptance Date March 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gençoğlu, C. (2025). Çeşitli Kick Boks Anaerobik Hız Testi Varyasyonlarının Deneyimli ve Başlangıç Seviye Kick Boks Sporcularını Ayırt Etmedeki Etkinliği: Bir Diskriminant Fonksiyon Analizi. Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(1), 35-51. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1597481
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