Abstract
MÖ 753’den MS 476’ya kadar Akdeniz’in politik ve kültürel lideri olan Roma uygarlığının görkemli eserleri köklü kültürlerin sanatları ile yoğrularak evrilmiştir. Roma Sanatı içinde heykel ön plana çıkmıştır. Roma Cumhuriyet Dönemi, Romalıların Yunanlar ile karşılaştığı ve onların heykel sanatını tanıdıkları zaman dilimidir. Romalıların Yunan heykelini ilk zamanlarda yağma malzemesi ve değerli bir meta olarak gördüğü ve bu görüşün koleksiyonculuğu ortaya çıkardığı saptanmıştır. Romalı muhafazakarların başlangıçta yağmacılığa karşı çıktığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak ilerleyen yıllarda
yağmanın ivme kazandığı ve elde edilen Yunan eserlerinin Romalılar için bir statü simgesi olmasıyla da koleksiyonculuğun yaygınlaştığı görülmektedir. Bu konuda en önemli kaynakları kuşkusuz antik yazarların aktardıkları oluşturmaktadır. Bu kaynaklardan, birçok Romalı aristokratın yanı sıra Romalı devlet adamı, hatip ve filozof Cicero’nun önemli bir koleksiyoner olduğunu öğreniyoruz. Cicero’nun, tuttuğu sanat simsarı ile olan yazışmaları, koleksiyonerliğin ne derece profesyonel yapıldığını ortaya koyar. Kent Roma’nın tüm bu gelişmelere paralel olarak MÖ 1.yüzyılın sonunda bir heykeltıraşi merkezi haline geldiği söylenebilir. Romalıların heykeli Yunan ile birlikte tanıdığını söylemek doğru değildir. Roma heykeli Etrüsk ve yerel İtalik halkların sanatlarını, Yunan sanatı ile birlikte erittiği potanın ürünü olmuştur
References
- Cicero The Verrine Orations, Vol. I. Against Caecilius. Against Verres. Part 1-2, Book 1-2, LOEB Classical Library, çev. L.H.G. Greenwood, Cambridge. 1928.
- Cicero The Verrine Orations, Vol.II. Against Verres, Paret 2, Book 3-5, LOEB Classical Library, çev. L.H.G. Greenwood, Cambridge. 1935.
- Cicero Letters to Atticus, Vol.I35, LOEB Classical Library, çev. S. Bailey, Cambridge. 1999.
- Plinius Natural History, Volume IX, 33-35, LOEB Classical Library, çev. H. Rackham, Cambridge. 1952.
- Plutharkos Lives, Vol. II, Themistocles and Camillus. Aristides and Cato Major. Cimon and Lucullus, LOEB Classical Library, çev. B. Perrin, Cambridge. 1914.
- Plutharkos Lives. Vol. V. Agasilaus and Pompey. Pelopidas and Marcellus, LOEB Classical Library, çev. B. Perrin, Harvard. 1917.
- Plutharkos Lives. Vol.VI. Dion and Brutus. Timoleon and Aemilius Paullus, LOEB Classical Library, çev. B. Perrin, Harvard, 1918.
- Polybius The Histories. Vol.6, 28-39. Fragments, LOEB Classical Library, çev. W.R. Paton, Cambridge, 2012.
- Titus Livius History of Rome. Vol.6, 23-25, LOEB Classical Library, çev. F.G. Moore, Cambrdige. 1940.
- Titus Livius History of Rome. Vol.9, 31-34, LOEB Classical Library, çev. E.T. Sage, Cambridge. 1934.
- Titus Livius History of Rome. Vol.10, 35-37, LOEB Classical Library, çev. E.T. Sage, Cambridge. 1935.
- Titus Livius History of Rome. Vol.11, 38-39, LOEB Classical Library, çev. E.T. Sage, Cambridge. 1936.
- ANGUISSOLA, A. 2015. “Idealplastik’ and the Realitionship between Greek and Roman Sculpture”, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Sculpture (Ed. E. Friedland). Oxford: 240-259.
- BARTMAN, E. 1991. “Sculptural Collecting and Display in the Private Realm”, Roman Art in the Private Sphere: New Perspectives on the Architecture and Decor of the Domus, Villa and Insula (Ed. E. K. Gazda). Ann Arbor: 71-88.
- BIEBER, M. 1977. Ancient Copies: Contrubutions to the History of Greek and Roman Art. New York.
- DURUGÖNÜL, S. 2011. “Roma Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde Deniz Yoluyla Yapılan Sanat Eserleri Ticareti”, Türk Deniz Ticareti Tarihi Sempozyumu-III 7-8 Nisan 2011 (Ed. F. Demir). Mersin: 51-55.
- FAULKNER, N. 2008. Roma: Kartalların İmparatorluğu (Çev. Ç. Sümer). İstanbul.
- KERSHAW, S. 2010. A Brief Guide to Classical Civilization. From the Origins of Democracy to the Fall of the Roman Empire. London.
- KOUSSER, R. M. 2008. Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture. The Allure of the Classical. Cambridge.
- MATTUSH, C. 1997. The Victorious Youth. Los Angeles.
- MATTUSH, C. 2005. The Villa dei Papyri: Life and Afterlife of a Sculptural Collection. Los Angeles.
- ÖZGAN, R. 2013. Roma Portre Sanatı I. İstanbul.
- POLLITT, J.J. 1978. “The Impact of Greek Art on Rome”, TAPA 108: 155174.
- POLLITT, J.J. 1983. The Art of Rome c.753 B.C.- A.D.337. Sources and Documents. Cambridge.
- POLLITT J.J. 1986. Art in Hellenistic Age. Cambridge.
- POLLITT, J.J. 1990. The Art of Ancient Greece. Sources and Documents. Cambridge.
- RIDGWAY, B. 1984. Roman Copies of Greek Sculpture. The Problem of the Originals. Ann Arbor.
- RICHTER, G. M. A. 1967. The Sculpture and Sculptors of The Greeks. London.
- RUTLEDGE, S.H. 2012. Ancient Rome as a Museum. Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting. Oxford.
- SMITH, R.R.R., 2002. Hellenistik Heykel (Çev. A. Y. Yıldırım). İstanbul.
- TEKİN, O. 2008. Eski Yunan ve Roma Tarihine Giriş. İstanbul.
- TEMPEST, C., 2011. Cicero. Politics and Persuasion in Ancient Rome. London.
- VERMEULE, C. 1977. Greek Sculpture and Roman Taste. The Purpose and Setting of Greaeco-roman Art in Italy and The Greek Imperial East. Ann Arbor.
- WALDSTEIN, C. 1887. “Pasiteles and Arkesilaos, the Venus Genetrix and the Venus of the Esquiline”, The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of Fine Arts. 3/1-2: 1-13.
- ZANKER, P. 1974. Klassizistische Statuen: Studien zur Veranderung des Kunstgeschmacks in der römischen Kaiserzeit: Mainz.
Abstract
Magnificent works of the Roman Civilization, which was the political and cultural leader of the Mediterranean area from 753 BC to 476 AD, has been evolved by intertwining the arts of the well-rooted cultures. The sculpture has come into prominence in Roman art. Republic period of Rome was the timeframe where the Romans have met the Greeks and knew their art sculptures. It was detected that the Romans have estimated those Greek sculptures as looting materials and valuable commodities in the first place, and that point of view has emerged the idea of collecting. It is understood that Roman conservatives have opposed looting in the earlier stages. However, in the following years, it is observed that looting has gained momentum, and obtained Greek works have become a status symbol for the Romans, thus collecting has become widespread. The most important sources on this subject are undoubtedly the narrations and statements of ancient writers. From these sources, we learned that, the philosopher Cicero was a great collector, besides many Roman aristocrats, Roman statesmen and orators. Cicero’s correspondence with an art dealer which he held its records, reveals that how collectorship was conducted professionally. In parallel with these developments, it can be said that the city of Rome has become a center for sculptors at the end of the 1st century. It is not right to say that the Romans have met the sculpture thanks to Greeks, but the Roman sculpture has become the product of the pot where Etruscan and local Italic peoples’ art were melted with the Greek art.
References
- Cicero The Verrine Orations, Vol. I. Against Caecilius. Against Verres. Part 1-2, Book 1-2, LOEB Classical Library, çev. L.H.G. Greenwood, Cambridge. 1928.
- Cicero The Verrine Orations, Vol.II. Against Verres, Paret 2, Book 3-5, LOEB Classical Library, çev. L.H.G. Greenwood, Cambridge. 1935.
- Cicero Letters to Atticus, Vol.I35, LOEB Classical Library, çev. S. Bailey, Cambridge. 1999.
- Plinius Natural History, Volume IX, 33-35, LOEB Classical Library, çev. H. Rackham, Cambridge. 1952.
- Plutharkos Lives, Vol. II, Themistocles and Camillus. Aristides and Cato Major. Cimon and Lucullus, LOEB Classical Library, çev. B. Perrin, Cambridge. 1914.
- Plutharkos Lives. Vol. V. Agasilaus and Pompey. Pelopidas and Marcellus, LOEB Classical Library, çev. B. Perrin, Harvard. 1917.
- Plutharkos Lives. Vol.VI. Dion and Brutus. Timoleon and Aemilius Paullus, LOEB Classical Library, çev. B. Perrin, Harvard, 1918.
- Polybius The Histories. Vol.6, 28-39. Fragments, LOEB Classical Library, çev. W.R. Paton, Cambridge, 2012.
- Titus Livius History of Rome. Vol.6, 23-25, LOEB Classical Library, çev. F.G. Moore, Cambrdige. 1940.
- Titus Livius History of Rome. Vol.9, 31-34, LOEB Classical Library, çev. E.T. Sage, Cambridge. 1934.
- Titus Livius History of Rome. Vol.10, 35-37, LOEB Classical Library, çev. E.T. Sage, Cambridge. 1935.
- Titus Livius History of Rome. Vol.11, 38-39, LOEB Classical Library, çev. E.T. Sage, Cambridge. 1936.
- ANGUISSOLA, A. 2015. “Idealplastik’ and the Realitionship between Greek and Roman Sculpture”, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Sculpture (Ed. E. Friedland). Oxford: 240-259.
- BARTMAN, E. 1991. “Sculptural Collecting and Display in the Private Realm”, Roman Art in the Private Sphere: New Perspectives on the Architecture and Decor of the Domus, Villa and Insula (Ed. E. K. Gazda). Ann Arbor: 71-88.
- BIEBER, M. 1977. Ancient Copies: Contrubutions to the History of Greek and Roman Art. New York.
- DURUGÖNÜL, S. 2011. “Roma Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde Deniz Yoluyla Yapılan Sanat Eserleri Ticareti”, Türk Deniz Ticareti Tarihi Sempozyumu-III 7-8 Nisan 2011 (Ed. F. Demir). Mersin: 51-55.
- FAULKNER, N. 2008. Roma: Kartalların İmparatorluğu (Çev. Ç. Sümer). İstanbul.
- KERSHAW, S. 2010. A Brief Guide to Classical Civilization. From the Origins of Democracy to the Fall of the Roman Empire. London.
- KOUSSER, R. M. 2008. Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture. The Allure of the Classical. Cambridge.
- MATTUSH, C. 1997. The Victorious Youth. Los Angeles.
- MATTUSH, C. 2005. The Villa dei Papyri: Life and Afterlife of a Sculptural Collection. Los Angeles.
- ÖZGAN, R. 2013. Roma Portre Sanatı I. İstanbul.
- POLLITT, J.J. 1978. “The Impact of Greek Art on Rome”, TAPA 108: 155174.
- POLLITT, J.J. 1983. The Art of Rome c.753 B.C.- A.D.337. Sources and Documents. Cambridge.
- POLLITT J.J. 1986. Art in Hellenistic Age. Cambridge.
- POLLITT, J.J. 1990. The Art of Ancient Greece. Sources and Documents. Cambridge.
- RIDGWAY, B. 1984. Roman Copies of Greek Sculpture. The Problem of the Originals. Ann Arbor.
- RICHTER, G. M. A. 1967. The Sculpture and Sculptors of The Greeks. London.
- RUTLEDGE, S.H. 2012. Ancient Rome as a Museum. Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting. Oxford.
- SMITH, R.R.R., 2002. Hellenistik Heykel (Çev. A. Y. Yıldırım). İstanbul.
- TEKİN, O. 2008. Eski Yunan ve Roma Tarihine Giriş. İstanbul.
- TEMPEST, C., 2011. Cicero. Politics and Persuasion in Ancient Rome. London.
- VERMEULE, C. 1977. Greek Sculpture and Roman Taste. The Purpose and Setting of Greaeco-roman Art in Italy and The Greek Imperial East. Ann Arbor.
- WALDSTEIN, C. 1887. “Pasiteles and Arkesilaos, the Venus Genetrix and the Venus of the Esquiline”, The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of Fine Arts. 3/1-2: 1-13.
- ZANKER, P. 1974. Klassizistische Statuen: Studien zur Veranderung des Kunstgeschmacks in der römischen Kaiserzeit: Mainz.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Greek and Roman Period Archeology |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 5, 2017 |
| Submission Date | June 30, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 Issue: 21 |
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