ViraVerita E-Journal adopts the APA 7 citation style as its standard and requires that all submitted manuscripts be prepared in accordance with this format. Apart from the key points outlined below, the official APA 7 website should be consulted for detailed guidance on the citation and reference system, the use of tables and figures, endnote formatting, and the structure of the reference list.

Manuscripts submitted to the journal must be formatted according to the ViraVerita E-Journal template and uploaded to the DergiPark system in that format. The template file should be consulted for detailed formatting specifications.

Formatting: Manuscripts—including abstract and references—must be between 4,000 and 20,000 words in length and prepared using Microsoft Word with Calibri Light font and 1.5 line spacing. Paragraph spacing should be the same as line spacing. The main body of the text, including block quotations, should be set in 11-point font size, while other sections of the manuscript (such as the abstract, tables, references, and endnotes) should be in 10-point font size.

Abstract: Both the Turkish and English abstracts must be between 150 and 200 words in length and include five keywords. Abstract texts should be written in Calibri Light, 10-point font size, with 1 line spacing, and should be justified.

Headings:
A maximum of four levels of headings should be used in the manuscript. The formatting for each level is as follows:
• Main Title (Title Above the Abstracts):

TITLE IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ARTICLE:
All uppercase – bold – 16 pt – right-aligned.

TITLE IN THE OTHER LANGUAGE:
All uppercase – 14 pt – right-aligned.

• Article Main Title:
Title at the beginning of the article. Capitalize the first letter of each word – bold – 14 pt – centered

• FIRST LEVEL HEADING:
Main section titles within the text, including introduction, conclusion, and references.
All uppercase– bold – 11 pt – left-aligned.

• Second-Level Heading:
Capitalize the first letter of each word – bold – 11 pt – left-aligned.

• Third-level heading:
Capitalize only the first word – bold – italic – 11 pt – left-aligned.

•  i. Fourth-level heading:
Begins with numbering (i., ii., iii., etc.) – capitalize only the first word – 11 pt – left-aligned

There should be two blank lines before the Article Main Title (at the beginning of the article), and one blank line after it. For all other heading levels, leave one blank line before and after each heading. Paragraphs following all heading levels should be left-aligned, while other paragraphs should begin with a tab indent. For detailed formatting of titles, abstracts, and overall structure, authors should consult the journal’s template file.

Tables and Figures: Tables and figures should be placed in the appropriate location within the text. Each table and figure must be explicitly referenced in the manuscript. The formatting and presentation of tables and figures should follow the official APA 7 guidelines. For detailed instructions, authors should consult the journal’s template. Each table and figure should be assigned a number (e.g., Table 1, Table 2; Figure 1, Figure 2) in 10-point, bold, and left-aligned font. Following the table or figure number, there should be 6 pt of spacing (equivalent to double line spacing) before the title. Titles should be written in 10-point, italic, left-aligned font, with the first letter of each major word capitalized. Any notes related to the table or figure should appear below it, written in 10-point font, and formatted so that the text does not extend beyond the boundaries of the table or figure.

Endnotes: According to APA 7 writing style, the use of footnotes and endnotes in academic manuscripts is generally discouraged. However, when necessary, explanatory notes should be provided as endnotes rather than footnotes. These endnotes should be kept to a minimum in number and should be as concise as possible.

In-Text-Citations: According to the official APA 7 website, the basic rules for in-text citation are outlined below. For additional guidance on citation practices, the official APA 7 website should be consulted. In-text citations may appear either as narrative citations or parenthetical citations:

Single-Author Work
Narrative Citation: Kuçuradi (2010)…
Possessive Narrative Citation: Kuçuradi’s (2010)…
Parenthetical Citation: (Kuçuradi, 2010, p. 115)

Two-Author Work
Narrative Citation: Charlesworth and Chinkin (2000)
Possessive Narrative Citation: Charlesworth and Chinkin’s (2000)
Parenthetical Citation: (Charlesworth & Chinkin, 2010, pp. 213–217)

Three or More Authors
Narrative Citation: Leach et al. (2010)
Possessive Narrative Citation: Leach et al.’s (2010)
Parenthetical Citation: (Leach et al., 2010, p. 70)

Groups with Abbreviations First Narrative Citation: Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ, 2013)

Groups without Abbreviations
Narrative Citation: Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı (2018)
Parenthetical Citation: (Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı, 2018)

• Direct quotations exceeding 40 words should be formatted as block quotes and should not be enclosed in quotation marks. These block quotations must be written in single spacing, and indented 1.5 cm from both the left and right margins.

• Secondary sources may be cited only when the original source is inaccessible—for example, if the original publication is out of print or unavailable, or if the work is in a language that the author cannot read. In such cases, the following rules should be followed when referencing a secondary source:

•If the author and year of the original source are known;
According to Foucault (1991) … (as cited in Bernauer, 2005).
(Foucault, 1991, as cited in Bernauer, 2005, pp. 57-58).

•If the year of the original (primary) source is unknown:
Allport’un günlüğü (as cited in Nicholson, 2003, pp. 70-79).

• When citing multiple works by the same author published in the same year, the sources should be distinguished by lowercase letters:
(Mouffe, 2008a)
(Mouffe, 2008b)

• When citing multiple sources, the following rules should be followed:
If citing works by different authors, list the sources in alphabetical order:
   • Narrative citation:
Dalbert (1997), Kleft and Dobson (1990), Smith et al. (1980), Wilson et al. (1986, p. 56) …
   • Parenthetical citation:
(Dalbert, 1997; Kleft & Dobson, 1990; Smith et al., 1980; Wilson et al., 1986, p. 56)

If citing multiple works by the same author, list the sources in chronological order:
    •Narrative citation:
Gutiérrez (2012, 2017)
    •Parenthetical citation:
(Mouffe, 2008a, 2008b, 2019)

• The same rules apply to edited volumes. The abbreviation “Ed.” is not included in in-text citations.

• For theses and dissertations, citation follows the same rules as for single-author works.

• For translated works, use the original publication date, followed by the translation date:
Narrative citation:
Barthes (1970/1996)
Parenthetical citation:
(Barthes, 1970/1996)

• If the author is unknown and the work is signed as “Anonymous”, use “Anonymous” as the author:
Narrative citation:
Anonymous (2017)
Parenthetical citation:
(Anonymous, 2017, p. 1)

• If there is no known author or editor, use the title of the work in place of the author’s name:
Narrative citation:
Leylâ ile Mecnun (2014)
Parenthetical citation:
(Leylâ ile Mecnun, 2014, p. 67)

References and In-Text Citations for Different Source Types:
Sources cited within the text must be listed at the end of the manuscript under the heading REFERENCES, which should appear in bold, all capital letters, left-aligned, and 11-point font size. The reference list must begin on a new page.

All entries in the reference list should be written in 10-point font, formatted with a hanging indent of 1.25 cm, and listed in accordance with APA 7 citation guidelines.
For citation and formatting rules not covered in the examples below, please refer to the official APA 7 website.

Single-Author Book

Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the book (Edition if applicable). Publisher.

Reference:
Bora, A. (2021). Kadınların sınıfı (10th ed.). İletişim.
In-Text Citation:
Bora (2021)… (p. 57)
(Bora, 2021, p. 57)

Two-Author Book 

Author’s Last Name, Initial(s)., & Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the book (Edition if applicable). Publisher. 

Reference:
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in practice (3rd ed.). Routledge.
In-Text Citation:Hammersley and Atkinson (2007)… (p. 57)
(Hammersley & Atkinson, 2007, p. 57)

Translated Book

Author's last name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the book (Edition). (Initial(s). Translator's last name, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published Year)

Reference:

Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (2001). Kafka: Minör bir edebiyat için (Ö. Uçkan & I. Ergüden, Trans.). YKY. (Original work published 1975)
In-Text Citation:
Deleuze (1975/2001)… (p. 27)
(Barthes, 1975/2001, p. 27)

Edited Book

Editor’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Ed.). (Year). Title of the book (Edition if applicable). Publisher. 

Reference:
Hygum, E., & Pedersen, P. M. (Eds.). (2010). Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag.
In-Text Citation:
Hygum and Pedersen (2010)… (p. 27)
(Hygum & Pedersen, 2010, p. 27)

Book Chapter in an Edited Volume

Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the chapter. In Initial(s). Editor’s Last Name (Ed.), Title of the book (Edition if applicable, pp. page range). Publisher. 

Reference:
Wulff, H. (2013). Ethnografiction and reality in contemporary Irish literature. In M. Cohen (Ed.), Novel approaches to anthropology (pp. 205–226). Lexington Books.
In-Text Citation:
Wulff (2013)… (p. 27)
(Wulff, 2013, p. 27)

Translated Chapter in an Edited Book

Author's last name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the book chapter (Initial(s). Translator's last name, Trans.), Initial(s). Editor's last name (Ed.), Title of the book (Edition, pp. x–y). Publisher. (Original work published Year)

Reference:
Widder, N. (2021). Simülakrların hakkı: Deleuze ve varlığın tekanlamlılığı (S. Özer, Trans.), In E. Durmuş & C. Baysoy (Ed.), Tekanlamlılık (1st ed., ss. 33–53). Otonom. (Original work published 2001)
In-Text Citation:
Widder (2021)… (p. 37)
(Widder, 2021, p. 37)

Single-Author Journal Article

Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx 

Reference:
Rodriguez, J. (2018). The US minimalist movement: Radical political practice? Review of Radical Political Economics, 50(2), 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613416665832
In-Text Citation:
Rodriguez (2018)… (p. 290)
(Rodriguez, 2018, p. 290)

Two-Author Journal Article

First Author’s Last Name, Initial(s)., & Second Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Reference:
Çetin Eylek, Y., & Ataseven, F. (2023). Yapısalcılık sonrası yaklaşımlar doğrultusunda çevirmeni “Üretimin öznesi” olarak okumak: Las Meninas tablosu odağında bir inceleme. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2), 487–503. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1248744
In-Text Citation:
Çetin Eylek and Ataseven (2023)…
(Çetin Eylek & Ataseven, 2023, pp. 487–490)

Journal Article with Three to Twenty Authors

First Author’s Last Name, Initial(s), Second Author’s Last Name, Initial(s), …, & Last Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Reference:
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
In-Text Citation:
Grady et al. (2019)…
(Grady et al., 2019, pp. 207–208)

Newspaper Article

Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year, Day Month). Title of the article. Title of the Newspaper. URL.

Reference:
Sevinç, M. (2022, December 24). Niyazi Berkes’in düşüncesinde kuruluş yılları ve Cumhuriyet. Diken. https://www.diken.com.tr/niyazi-berkesin-dusuncesinde-kurulus-yillari-ve-cumhuriyet/
In-Text Citation:
Sevinç (2022)
(Sevinç, 2022)

Thesis
Unpublished Reference:

Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the thesis [Unpublished master's thesis / Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Name of the University.
Baker, U. (2002). From opinions to images: Towards a sociology of affects [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.

Published Reference:

Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the thesis [Master's thesis / Doctoral dissertation, Name of the University]. Name of the Database / URL
Çokay Nebioğlu, R. (2018). Deleuze and contemporary dystopia [Doctoral dissertation, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
In-Text Citation:
Baker (2002)… (pp. 115–125)
(Baker, 2002, p. 110)
Çokay Nebioğlu (2018)… (p. 97)
(Çokay Nebioğlu, 2018, p. 97)

Film

Director / Artist’s Last Name, Initial(s) (Author/Director). (Year). Title of the film / song / episode [Audio/Video/Film]. Production company. 

Reference:
Kurosawa, A. (Director). (1950). Rashomon [Film]. Daiei Film.
In-Text Citation:
Kurosawa (1950)…
(Kurosawa, 1950)

Book Review

Author's Last Name, A. A. (Year). [Title of the book under review, by A. A. Author]. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Reference:
McKinley, A. (2018). [Review of the book Criminal investigative failures, by D. K. Rossmo]. Salus Journal, 6(1), 82–84.
In-Text Citation:
McKinley (2018)…
(McKinley, 2018, p. 83)

Conference / Symposium / Panel Presentation

First Participant’s Last Name, Initial(s)., Second Participant’s Last Name, Initial(s)., & Third Participant’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of the presentation [Type of contribution]. Name of the Conference, City, Country.


Reference:
Odman, A. (2021, November 20). Benjamin’in izinde Türkiye’de mekânsal enkazbilim çalışmaları: Kalkınma ve kıyımı belgelemek [Conference presentation]. Enkaz ve Parıltı: Benjamin’de Sanat, Politika, Tarih, Ankara, Turkey.
In-Text Citation:
Odman (2021)…
(Odman, 2021)

Web Page

Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). or Name of the Group. (Year, Month Day). Title of the work. Name of the Website. URL 

Reference:
Gülçiçek, D. (2024, November 25). Şiddet üzerine konuşmak. ViraVerita Disiplinlerarası Karşılaşmalar. https://viraverita.com/siddet-uzerine-konusmak/
If there is no author, begin with the title. If no date, use “n.d.”. URLs must be active and direct.
In-Text Citation:
Gülçiçek (2024)…
(Gülçiçek, 2024)

* If there is no author, begin the citation with the title of the web page. If no publication date is available, use “n.d.” (no date). URLs must be clickable and direct.

Institutional Report

Name of the Institution. (Year). Title of the report (Report No. xxx). URL / Publisher
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2019). İstatistiklerle çocuk (Report reNo. 4581). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/yayin/views/visitorPages/index.zul

(If an individual author is listed):
Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the report (Report No. xxx). Name of the Institution. URL / Publisher
Baral, P., Larsen, M. ve Archer, M. (2019). Does money grow on trees? Restoration financing in Southeast Asia. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/does-money-grow-on-trees-restoring-financing-in-southeast-asia/

* The report may not have a publication number.

In-Text Citation:
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2019)…
(Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2019)
Baral et al. (2019)…
(Baral et al., 2019)