AN EXPLORATION OF LIFE EXPERIENCES OF ADULT INDIVIDUALS UNWANTED BY THEIR MOTHERS DURING THEIR PREGNANCY
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 590 - 613, 30.04.2025
Firdevs Çalışkan Güngör
,
Gamze Özbayrak
,
Ömer Miraç Yaman
Öz
This study aims to investigate the life experiences of individuals born as a result of unintended pregnancies during both childhood and adulthood and to understand the individual and familial implications of perceiving oneself as an "unwanted child.". Qualitative research method with a phenomenological design type was used in the study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 16 participants using semi-structured interview forms. Interviews were conducted at times and places where the participants felt comfortable, and data were collected only from voluntary participants. The data obtained in the study were analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. As a result of the analysis of the interviews conducted with the participants, it was understood that most of the participants had problems in their relationships with their mothers during childhood and that these problems also affected their friendships. In adulthood, the inability to establish a secure attachment with their mothers during childhood was found to contribute to unhealthy relationships, particularly with romantic partners. Additionally, learning that they were an unwanted child led to various negative emotional experiences.. As a result of this study, it was determined that people born and raised as unwanted children faced many emotional and psychological challanges throughout their lives, and therefore most of the participants reported receiving professional psychological support and continuing therapy to cope with these difficulties.
Kaynakça
- Abajobir, A. A., Maravilla, J. C., Alati, R. ve Najman, J. M. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between unintended pregnancy and perinatal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 192(1), 56-63. Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.008.
- Akar, N. (2017). Kars/Digor ilçesinde yaşayan 15-49 yaş evli kadınların aile planlaması hakkında eğitim öncesi ve eğitim sonrası tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. K.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
- Alhusen, J.L., Hayat, M.J,, Gross, D. (2013). A longitudinal study of maternal attachment and infant developmental outcomes. Arch Women Ment Health, 16(6), 521–529.
- Arslan, İ. ve Samiye, M. (2005). Beklenmeyen gebelikler. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 94-99.
- Ay S, Yanıkkerem E, Mutlu S. (2012). İstenmeyen gebelik yaşayan kadınların özellikleri ve kontraseptif yöntemleri bırakma nedenleri: kırsal alan örneği. , 315 - 324.
- Bahk, J., Yun, S.-C., Kim, Y. ve Khang, Y.-H. (2015). Impact of unintended pregnancy on maternal mental health: A causal analysis using follow up data of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0505-4
- Bartholomew, K., Henderson, A. ve Dutton, D. (2001). Insecure Attachment and Abusive Intimate Relationships.
C. Clulow (Dü.) içinde, Adult Attachment and Couple Psychotherapy (s. 43-61). London: Brunner-Routledge.
Başkale, H. (2016). Nitel araştırmalarda geçerlik, güvenirlik ve örneklem büyüklüğünün belirlenmesi. Deuhfed, 9(1), 23-28.
- Beebe, B., Jaffe, J., Buck, K., Chen, H., Cohen, P., Feldstein, S., ve Andrews, H. (2008). Six ‐ week postpartum maternal depressive symptoms and 4‐month mother–infant self‐ and interactive contingency. Infant Ment Health J., 29(5), 442-71.
- Beebe, B., Steele, M., Jaffe, J., Buck, K.A., Chen, H., Cohen, P. ve Feldstein, S. (2011). Maternal anxiety symptoms and mother – infant self ‐ and interactive contingency. Infant Ment Health J., 32(2), 174-206.
- Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. Volume 1. Pimlico; New Ed .
- Bowlby, J. (1979). The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. Tavistock Publish, London.
- Brumariu, L.E. (2015). Parent-child attachment and emotion regulation. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev.,148:31-45.
- Brutus, S., Aguinis, H. ve Wassmer, U. (2012). Self-reported limitations and future directions in scholarly reports. Journal of Management, 39(1), 48–75.
- Buldur, A.H. ve Göcen, G. (2021). Plansız gebelik sürecindeki kadınların dini, manevi ve psikolojik durumlarının incelenmesi. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 19(42), 337-374. https://doi.org/10.34234/ded.1009333
- Burkhauser, R. V., Daly, M. C., Houtenville, A. J. ve Nargis, N. (2002). Self-reported work-limitation data: What they can and cannot tell us. Demography Journal, 39(3), 541–555.
- Can, E. (2020). Hukuk, ilahiyat ve sağlık bilimleri fakülteleri öğrencilerinin istemli kürtajlar hakkındaki görüşlerin değerlendirilmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Çukurova Üniversitesi.
- Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., Gao, Y., Fyffe, C. ve Pan, H. (2002). Assessing Secure Base Behavior in Adulthood: Development of a Measure, Links to Adult Attachment Representations, and Relations to Couples Communication and Reports of Relationships. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 679-693.
- Cyr, C., Euser, E.M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., ve Van Ijzendoor, M.H. (2010). Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses. Dev Psychopathol, 22, 87-108.
- David, H. (1992). Born unwanted: Long-term developmental effects of denied abortion. Journal of Social Issues, 48(13), 163-181.
de La Rochebrochard, E. ve Joshi, H. (2013). Children born after unplanned pregnancies and cognitive development at 3 years: Social differentials in the United Kingdom millennium cohort, American Journal of Epidemiology, 178(6), 910–920. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt063
- Demir, S., Gürer, C.,Köksal, T. & Dolu, O. (2009). Kavram Oluşturma ve Ölçüm. (Ed.) Kaan Böke. Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Alfa Yayıncılık.
- Denscombe, M. (2007). The good research guide. New York: Open University Press & McGraw-Hill Education.
- Dibaba, Y., Fantahun, M. ve Hindin, M. J. (2013). The association of unwanted pregnancy and social support with depressive symptoms in pregnancy: evidence from rural Southwestern Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(1). Doi:10.1186/1471-2393-13-135).
- Dykas, M.J., Ziv, Y., Cassidy, J. (2008). Attachment and peer relations in adolescence. AttachHum Dev,10(2), 123–41.
- Farrell AK, Simpson JA, Carlson EA, et al. (2017). The impact of stress at different life stages on physical health and the buffering effects of maternal sensitivity. Health psychol, 36(1), 35-44.
- Fearon, R.P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Lapsley, A.M. ve Roisman, G.I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Dev, 81(2), 435–456.
- Finer, L. B. ve Zolna, M. R. (2016). Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008–2011. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(9), 843–852.
- Foster, D. G., Raifman, S. E., Gipson, J. D., Rocca, C. H. ve Biggs, M. A. (2019). Effects of carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term on women’s existing children. The Journal of pediatrics, 205, 183-189. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.026.
- Ganeson, K. ve Ehrich, L. C. (2009). Transition into high school: A phenomenological study. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 41(1), 60-78.
- Genç, Z. (2023). Çocuk ebeveyn ilişkisi terapisinin (Filial terapi) ebeveynler ve çocuklar üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi (Master's thesis, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi).
- Goodman, G., Stroh, M., Valdez, A. (2012). Do attachment representations predict depres-sion and anxiety in psychiatrically hospitalized prepubertal children? Bull Menninger Clin, 76(3), 260– 289.
- Grace, J. (1989). Development of maternal-fetal attachment during pregnancy. Nurs Res, 38(4), 228-232.
- Granat, A., Gadassi, R., Gilboa-Schechtman, E. ve Feldman, R. (2017). Maternal depression and anxiety, social synchrony, and infant regulation of negative and positive emotions. Emotion, 17(1), 11-27.
- Hayatbakhsh, M., Najman, M., Khatun M., Al Mamun A., Bor W. ve Clavarino A. , (2011). a longitudinal study of child mental health and problem behaviours at 14 years of age following unplanned pregnancy. Psychiatry Res, 185(1-2): 200–4.
- Herd, P., Higgins, J., Sicinski, K., ve Merkurieva, I. (2016). The implications of unintended pregnancies for mental health in later life. American Journal of Public Health, 106(3), 421–429. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2015.302973
- Karataş, A., Gündüz, B. ve R. Karabörk. (2019). Ergenlerde ahlaki kayıtsızlığın yordayıcısı olarak arkadaşa bağlanma stilleri ve akran zorbalığının incelenmesi. EJER Congress, Ankara.
- Kesebir, Ş., Özdoğan Kavzoğlu, S. ve Üstündağ, M.F. (2011). Bağlanma ve Psikopatoloji. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 3(2), 321-342.
- Khan, F., Fraley, R.C., Young, J.F. ve Hankin, B.L. (2019). Developmental trajectories of attachment and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Attach Hum Dev, 1–17.
- Kim P, Mayes L, Feldman R, et al. (2013). Early postpartum Parental preoccupation and positive parenting thoughts: relationship with parent-infant interaction. Infant Ment Health J., 34(2), 104-116.
- Klima, C. S. (1998). Unintended pregnancy: consequences and solutions for a worldwide problem. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery, 43(6), 483-491.
- Langton, C.M., Murad, Z. ve Humbert, B. (2015). Childhood sexual abuse, attachments in childhood and adulthood, and coercive sexual behaviors in community males: main effects and a moderating function for attachment. Sex Abuse. doi10.1177/1079063215583853.
- McDonald, J. D. (2008). Measuring personality construct: the advantages and disadvantages of self-reports, informant reports and behavioral assessments. Enquire Journal, 1(1), 75-94.
- Meng, X., D'Arcy, C., Adams, G.C. (2015). Associations between adult attachment style and mental health care utilization: findings from a large-scale national survey. Psychiatry Res., 229:454-461.
- Merriam, B. S. (2018). Nitel araştırma. (Çev. S.Turan). Ankara: Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
- Morsünbül, Ü. ve Çok, F. (2011). Bağlanma ve ilişkili değişkenler. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 3, 553-570.
- Muller, M.E. (1996). Prenatal and Postnatal Attachment: A Modest Correlation. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 25(2), 161-166.
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GEBELİK SÜREÇLERİNDE ANNELERİ TARAFINDAN İSTENMEYEN YETİŞKİN EVLATLARIN YAŞAM DENEYİMLERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 590 - 613, 30.04.2025
Firdevs Çalışkan Güngör
,
Gamze Özbayrak
,
Ömer Miraç Yaman
Öz
Bu araştırmada istenmeyen gebelik sonucu dünyaya gelen bireylerin; hem çocukluk hem de yetişkinlik dönemlerindeki yaşam deneyimlerinin araştırılması, istenmeyen evlat olduğunun hissedilmesinin hem bireysel hem aile içindeki yansımalarının anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi ve fenomenolojik desen türü kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, derinlemesine mülakat tekniği kullanılarak veriler toplanmıştır. 16 katılımcıdan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formları kullanılarak veriler elde edilmiştir. Görüşmeler katılımcıların kendilerini rahat hissedecekleri yerlerde ve zamanlarda yapılmış ve yalnızca gönüllü olanlardan veriler toplanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler, betimsel analiz yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Katılımcılar ile yapılan mülakatların analizleri sonucunda katılımcıların çoğunun çocukluk dönemindeki anneleri ile ilişkilerinde problem yaşadıkları ve bu sorunların arkadaşlık ilişkilerine de etki ettiği, yetişkinlik dönemine gelindiğinde ise çocukluk döneminde anne ile kurulamayan güvenli bağın özellikle eş/partner ile olan ilişkilerinde sağlıksız ilişkiye yol açabildiği gösterdiği, istenmeyen evlat olduklarını öğrendiklerinde ise bazı olumsuz duyguları hissettikleri anlaşılmıştır. Bu araştırma sonucunda istenmeyen evlat olarak doğan ve büyüyen kişilerin hayatları boyunca pek çok duygusal ve psikolojik zorluklarla karşılaştığı ve bu nedenle katılımcıların çoğunun profesyonel psikolojik destek aldıkları ve halen almaya devam ettikleri tespit edilmiştir.
Kaynakça
- Abajobir, A. A., Maravilla, J. C., Alati, R. ve Najman, J. M. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between unintended pregnancy and perinatal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 192(1), 56-63. Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.008.
- Akar, N. (2017). Kars/Digor ilçesinde yaşayan 15-49 yaş evli kadınların aile planlaması hakkında eğitim öncesi ve eğitim sonrası tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. K.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
- Alhusen, J.L., Hayat, M.J,, Gross, D. (2013). A longitudinal study of maternal attachment and infant developmental outcomes. Arch Women Ment Health, 16(6), 521–529.
- Arslan, İ. ve Samiye, M. (2005). Beklenmeyen gebelikler. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 94-99.
- Ay S, Yanıkkerem E, Mutlu S. (2012). İstenmeyen gebelik yaşayan kadınların özellikleri ve kontraseptif yöntemleri bırakma nedenleri: kırsal alan örneği. , 315 - 324.
- Bahk, J., Yun, S.-C., Kim, Y. ve Khang, Y.-H. (2015). Impact of unintended pregnancy on maternal mental health: A causal analysis using follow up data of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0505-4
- Bartholomew, K., Henderson, A. ve Dutton, D. (2001). Insecure Attachment and Abusive Intimate Relationships.
C. Clulow (Dü.) içinde, Adult Attachment and Couple Psychotherapy (s. 43-61). London: Brunner-Routledge.
Başkale, H. (2016). Nitel araştırmalarda geçerlik, güvenirlik ve örneklem büyüklüğünün belirlenmesi. Deuhfed, 9(1), 23-28.
- Beebe, B., Jaffe, J., Buck, K., Chen, H., Cohen, P., Feldstein, S., ve Andrews, H. (2008). Six ‐ week postpartum maternal depressive symptoms and 4‐month mother–infant self‐ and interactive contingency. Infant Ment Health J., 29(5), 442-71.
- Beebe, B., Steele, M., Jaffe, J., Buck, K.A., Chen, H., Cohen, P. ve Feldstein, S. (2011). Maternal anxiety symptoms and mother – infant self ‐ and interactive contingency. Infant Ment Health J., 32(2), 174-206.
- Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. Volume 1. Pimlico; New Ed .
- Bowlby, J. (1979). The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. Tavistock Publish, London.
- Brumariu, L.E. (2015). Parent-child attachment and emotion regulation. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev.,148:31-45.
- Brutus, S., Aguinis, H. ve Wassmer, U. (2012). Self-reported limitations and future directions in scholarly reports. Journal of Management, 39(1), 48–75.
- Buldur, A.H. ve Göcen, G. (2021). Plansız gebelik sürecindeki kadınların dini, manevi ve psikolojik durumlarının incelenmesi. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 19(42), 337-374. https://doi.org/10.34234/ded.1009333
- Burkhauser, R. V., Daly, M. C., Houtenville, A. J. ve Nargis, N. (2002). Self-reported work-limitation data: What they can and cannot tell us. Demography Journal, 39(3), 541–555.
- Can, E. (2020). Hukuk, ilahiyat ve sağlık bilimleri fakülteleri öğrencilerinin istemli kürtajlar hakkındaki görüşlerin değerlendirilmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Çukurova Üniversitesi.
- Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., Gao, Y., Fyffe, C. ve Pan, H. (2002). Assessing Secure Base Behavior in Adulthood: Development of a Measure, Links to Adult Attachment Representations, and Relations to Couples Communication and Reports of Relationships. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 679-693.
- Cyr, C., Euser, E.M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., ve Van Ijzendoor, M.H. (2010). Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses. Dev Psychopathol, 22, 87-108.
- David, H. (1992). Born unwanted: Long-term developmental effects of denied abortion. Journal of Social Issues, 48(13), 163-181.
de La Rochebrochard, E. ve Joshi, H. (2013). Children born after unplanned pregnancies and cognitive development at 3 years: Social differentials in the United Kingdom millennium cohort, American Journal of Epidemiology, 178(6), 910–920. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt063
- Demir, S., Gürer, C.,Köksal, T. & Dolu, O. (2009). Kavram Oluşturma ve Ölçüm. (Ed.) Kaan Böke. Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Alfa Yayıncılık.
- Denscombe, M. (2007). The good research guide. New York: Open University Press & McGraw-Hill Education.
- Dibaba, Y., Fantahun, M. ve Hindin, M. J. (2013). The association of unwanted pregnancy and social support with depressive symptoms in pregnancy: evidence from rural Southwestern Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(1). Doi:10.1186/1471-2393-13-135).
- Dykas, M.J., Ziv, Y., Cassidy, J. (2008). Attachment and peer relations in adolescence. AttachHum Dev,10(2), 123–41.
- Farrell AK, Simpson JA, Carlson EA, et al. (2017). The impact of stress at different life stages on physical health and the buffering effects of maternal sensitivity. Health psychol, 36(1), 35-44.
- Fearon, R.P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Lapsley, A.M. ve Roisman, G.I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Dev, 81(2), 435–456.
- Finer, L. B. ve Zolna, M. R. (2016). Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008–2011. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(9), 843–852.
- Foster, D. G., Raifman, S. E., Gipson, J. D., Rocca, C. H. ve Biggs, M. A. (2019). Effects of carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term on women’s existing children. The Journal of pediatrics, 205, 183-189. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.026.
- Ganeson, K. ve Ehrich, L. C. (2009). Transition into high school: A phenomenological study. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 41(1), 60-78.
- Genç, Z. (2023). Çocuk ebeveyn ilişkisi terapisinin (Filial terapi) ebeveynler ve çocuklar üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi (Master's thesis, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi).
- Goodman, G., Stroh, M., Valdez, A. (2012). Do attachment representations predict depres-sion and anxiety in psychiatrically hospitalized prepubertal children? Bull Menninger Clin, 76(3), 260– 289.
- Grace, J. (1989). Development of maternal-fetal attachment during pregnancy. Nurs Res, 38(4), 228-232.
- Granat, A., Gadassi, R., Gilboa-Schechtman, E. ve Feldman, R. (2017). Maternal depression and anxiety, social synchrony, and infant regulation of negative and positive emotions. Emotion, 17(1), 11-27.
- Hayatbakhsh, M., Najman, M., Khatun M., Al Mamun A., Bor W. ve Clavarino A. , (2011). a longitudinal study of child mental health and problem behaviours at 14 years of age following unplanned pregnancy. Psychiatry Res, 185(1-2): 200–4.
- Herd, P., Higgins, J., Sicinski, K., ve Merkurieva, I. (2016). The implications of unintended pregnancies for mental health in later life. American Journal of Public Health, 106(3), 421–429. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2015.302973
- Karataş, A., Gündüz, B. ve R. Karabörk. (2019). Ergenlerde ahlaki kayıtsızlığın yordayıcısı olarak arkadaşa bağlanma stilleri ve akran zorbalığının incelenmesi. EJER Congress, Ankara.
- Kesebir, Ş., Özdoğan Kavzoğlu, S. ve Üstündağ, M.F. (2011). Bağlanma ve Psikopatoloji. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 3(2), 321-342.
- Khan, F., Fraley, R.C., Young, J.F. ve Hankin, B.L. (2019). Developmental trajectories of attachment and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Attach Hum Dev, 1–17.
- Kim P, Mayes L, Feldman R, et al. (2013). Early postpartum Parental preoccupation and positive parenting thoughts: relationship with parent-infant interaction. Infant Ment Health J., 34(2), 104-116.
- Klima, C. S. (1998). Unintended pregnancy: consequences and solutions for a worldwide problem. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery, 43(6), 483-491.
- Langton, C.M., Murad, Z. ve Humbert, B. (2015). Childhood sexual abuse, attachments in childhood and adulthood, and coercive sexual behaviors in community males: main effects and a moderating function for attachment. Sex Abuse. doi10.1177/1079063215583853.
- McDonald, J. D. (2008). Measuring personality construct: the advantages and disadvantages of self-reports, informant reports and behavioral assessments. Enquire Journal, 1(1), 75-94.
- Meng, X., D'Arcy, C., Adams, G.C. (2015). Associations between adult attachment style and mental health care utilization: findings from a large-scale national survey. Psychiatry Res., 229:454-461.
- Merriam, B. S. (2018). Nitel araştırma. (Çev. S.Turan). Ankara: Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
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