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Effect of oregano water on Pythium density in soil and damping-off disease on bean plants

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 343 - 351, 15.09.2021

Gürsel Hatat Karaca , Emine Demirbaş

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.12
Cited By: 2

Öz

Pythium genus includes significant and destructive soil borne plant pathogens causing losses on many plants, especially by root rot and damping-off diseases. Like other soil borne pathogens, control of the diseases caused by this group is rather difficult. Usually fungicides are used against Pythium species, but investigations on alternative methods and chemicals gained importance because of the harmful effects of pesticides on human health and environment. Plant extracts and essential oils are among the safer alternative chemicals. Since oregano oil has high fungitoxic effect even in low concentrations, effect of oregano water, by-product of oregano oil, was investigated in this study against P. deliense, one of the most common and virulent species in Turkey. Oregano water obtained from Origanum onites, diluted with distilled water in 100, 80, 60, 40, 20, 10 and 5% rates was applied to soil and its effects on P. deliense population density in soil and severity of damping-off disease on bean plants caused by the pathogen were determined. As a result, all solutions containing oregano water over 10% rate significantly decreased pathogen populations in the soil samples taken every three days after the applications, and the least pathogen density was obtained with undiluted oregano water. Similarly, undiluted oregano water increased emergence rates of the bean seedlings and significantly decreased root and hypocotyl rot severity by suppressing the effect of the pathogen. In addition, application of oregano water supported the shoot and root development of the plants by decreasing the negative effect of the pathogen on plant growth. This study showed that oregano water was an effective alternative against Pythium related damping-off disease. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pythium spp. Root rot Control Oregano water

Destekleyen Kurum

Isparta Applied Sciences University, Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unite

Proje Numarası

2019-YL1-0017

Teşekkür

Authors want to thank "Efecan Badem Aromatik Ürünler A.Ş." company for providing the oregano water used in the study.

Kaynakça

  • Altundağ, Ş., Aslım, B. (2005). Kekiğin bazı bitki patojeni bakteriler üzerine antimikrobiyal etkisi. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 3(7), 12-14. Retrieved from https://www.Mikrobiyoloji.Org/Pdf/702050702.Pdf (in Turkish)
  • Alvarez-Castellanos, P.P., Bishop, C.D. & Pascual-Villalobos, M.J. (2001). Antifungal activity of essential oil of flowerheads of Garland chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium) against agricultural pathogens. Phytochemistry, 57, 99-102. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00461-1
  • Arslan, S. (2016). Türkiye’de pestisit kullanımı ve çevresel etkiler. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Ekonomi ve Politika Geliştirme Enstitüsü, XII. Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi, 6 Mayıs, Ankara, 2215-2224. (in Turkish)
  • Arslan, Ü. & Karabulut, Ö.A. (2005). Antifungal effect of spice plants against pathogenic fungi. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi, 36(2), 131-135. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/34180
  • Aydın, Ç. & Mammadov, R. (2017). Plant secondary metabolites demonstrating insecticidal activity and effect mechanism. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 21, 30-37. Retrieved from http://www.jrespharm.com/uploads/pdf/pdf_MPJ_454.pdf
  • Aydın, O. & Tursun, N. (2010). Determination of allelopathic effects of some plant originated essential oils on germination and emergence of some weed seeds. KSU Journal of Natural Sciences, 13, 11-17. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/328228
  • Başer K.H.C. (2001). Her derde deva bitki kekik. Bilim ve Teknik, Mayıs, 74-77. (in Turkish)
  • Başer, K.H.C. (2014). Türkiye’nin önemli tıbbi ve aromatik odun dışı orman ürünleri. Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerin Eczacılık ve Ormancılıktaki Önemi Çalıştayı, 20-21 Mart, İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya, 8-26. (in Turkish)
  • Başyiğit, B., Hayoğlu, İ.& Atasoy, F. (2017). Origanum essential oil and applications of microencapsulation. Batman University Journal of Life Sciences, 7(1/2), 63-70. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/buyasambid/issue/29807/320565
  • Bayram, E.S. (2018). The relationships between nutrition and some quality parameters of oregano (Origanum onites L.) grown organically in the conditions of Denizli province. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(2), 225-235. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29050/Harranziraat.348853
  • Bayram, E., Kırıcı, S., Tansı, S., Yılmaz, G., Arabacı, O., Kızıl, S. & Telci, İ. (2010). Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Üretiminin Arttırılması Olanakları. TMMOB, Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası 7. Teknik Kongresi, 11 Ocak, Ankara, 1-21. (in Turkish)
  • Boydağ, İ., Arslandere, Ö., Kırımer, N., Kürkçüoğlu, M. & Başer, K. H. C. (2002). Ticari kekik sularında çözünen bileşiklerin izolasyonu ve kimyasal bileşimlerinin belirlenmesi. Bitkisel İlaç Hammaddeleri Toplantısı. 29-31 Mayıs, Eskişehir, 259-263. (in Turkish)
  • Boyraz, N. & Koçak, R. (2006). In vitro antifungal effects of extracts of some plants. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20, 82-87. Retrieved from https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/TlRneU16QXc/bazi-bitki-ekstratlarinin-in-vitro-antifungal-etkileri
  • Çelen, S. (2006). Türkiye’de yayılış gösteren dört Thymus türünün uçucu yağ bileşimleri, antibakteriyel ve antifungal aktivite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Balıkesir, 86. (in Turkish).
  • Çoban, E.Ö. & Patır, B. (2010). Use of some spices and herbs antioxidant affected in foods. Electronic Journal of Food Technologies, 5(2), 7-19.
  • Dick, M.W. (1990). Keys to Pythium. College of Estate Management, White knights, Reading, 64s.
  • Daferera, D.J., Ziogas, B.N. & Polissiou, M.G. (2003). The effectiveness of plant essential oils on the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sp. and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Crop Protection, 22(1), 39-44. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00095-9
  • Hatat, G. (1995). Samsun İlinde Önemli Bazı Kültür Bitkilerinde Bulunan Pythium Türlerinin Tespiti ve Patojeniteleri Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 95. (in Turkish).
  • Hayta, E. & Arabacı, O. (2011). Determining different germination techniques on the seeds of some plant genus named as thyme. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, 91-101. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/ tr/pub/aduziraat/issue/26426/278194
  • Hendrix, F.F. & Campbell, W.A. (1973). Pythium’s as plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 11, 77-98. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.000453
  • Ho, H.H. (2018). The Taxonomy and Biology of Phytophthora and Pythium. Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology: Open Access, 6 (1), 40-45. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15406/Jbmoa.2018.06.00174
  • Kapluhan, E. (2013). An example of alternative agriculture activities in the Bekilli (Denizli): Cultivating of thyme. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 28, 194-210. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/marucog/issue/475/3930
  • Karabuğa, F. & Karaca, G. (2011). Burdur ve Denizli illeri tütün fideliklerinde bulunan patojen ve mikoparazit Pythium türleri ile mikoparazitlerin patojenler üzerindeki etkinlikleri. Türkiye 4. Bitki Koruma Kongresi Bildirileri, 28-30 Haziran 2011, Kahramanmaraş, 368. (in Turkish)
  • Karaca G., Tepedelen G., Belghouthi A. & Paul B. (2008). A new mycoparasite Pythium lycopersicum isolated in Isparta Turkey morphology molecular characteristics and its antagonism with phytopathogenic fungi. FEMS Microbiological Letters, 288, 163-170. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01334.x
  • Karaca, G., Bilginturan, M. & Olgunsoy, P. (2017). Effects of some plant essential oils against fungi on wheatseeds. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51, 385-388. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.51.3s.53
  • Kaya, G., Bilginturan, M. & Karaca, G. 2016. Portakalda mavi çürüklüğe karşı bazı bitkisel yağların etkileri. Uluslararası Katılımlı Türkiye VI. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, 5-8 Eylül 2016, Konya, 624. (in Turkish).
  • Kordali, S., Cakir, A., Ozer, H., Cakmakcı, R., Kesdek, M. & Mete, E. (2008). Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Bioresource Technology, 99(18), 8788-8795. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Biortech.2008.04.048
  • Lodhi, A.M., Shahzad, S., Ghaffar, A., (2004). Pythium deliense, a new record from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 36, 673-676. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282571001_Pythium_deliense_a_new_record_from_Pakistan
  • Li, Y.P., You, M.P. & Barbetti, M.J. (2014). Species of Pythium associated with seedling, root and hypocotyl disease on commonbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Western Australia. Plant Disease, 98, 1241-1247. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-13-1231-RE
  • Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Maipas, S., Kotampasi, C., Stamatis, P. & Hens, L. (2016). Chemical pesticides and human health: The urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Frontiers in Public Health, 4, 148. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00148
  • Olgunsoy, P. & Karaca, G. (2018). Effects of some essential oils on seed borne fungi and seed germination of rice. The Fourth Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP4), April 18-22, Antalya, Turkey. (in Turkish).
  • Özcan, M. & Boyraz, N. (2000). Antifungal properties of some herb decoctions. European Food Research and Technology, 212, 86-88. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170000249
  • Özcan, L. & Karaca, G. (2016). Effect of origano water on Pythium population in soil. Uluslararası Katılımlı Türkiye VI. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, 5-8 Eylül 2016 Konya, 629. (in Turkish).
  • Plaats-Niterink, Van Der A.J. (1981). Monograph of the Genus Pythium. Studies In Mycology, 21, 1-242. Retrieved from https://www.studiesinmycology.org/index.php/issue/23-studies-in-mycology-no-2
  • Sokovic, M., Tzakou, O., Pitarokili, D. & Couladis, M. (2002). Antifungal activities of selected aromatic plants growing wild in Greece. Nahrung-Food, 46(5), 317-320. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3803(20020901)46:5<317::Aıd-Food317>3.0.Co;2-B
  • TUİK (2019). Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Retrieved from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (in Turkish).
  • Yu, Y. & Ma, G. (1989). The genus Pythium in China. Mycosystema, 2, 1-110.

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 343 - 351, 15.09.2021

Gürsel Hatat Karaca , Emine Demirbaş

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.12
Cited By: 2

Öz

Proje Numarası

2019-YL1-0017

Kaynakça

  • Altundağ, Ş., Aslım, B. (2005). Kekiğin bazı bitki patojeni bakteriler üzerine antimikrobiyal etkisi. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 3(7), 12-14. Retrieved from https://www.Mikrobiyoloji.Org/Pdf/702050702.Pdf (in Turkish)
  • Alvarez-Castellanos, P.P., Bishop, C.D. & Pascual-Villalobos, M.J. (2001). Antifungal activity of essential oil of flowerheads of Garland chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium) against agricultural pathogens. Phytochemistry, 57, 99-102. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00461-1
  • Arslan, S. (2016). Türkiye’de pestisit kullanımı ve çevresel etkiler. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Ekonomi ve Politika Geliştirme Enstitüsü, XII. Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi, 6 Mayıs, Ankara, 2215-2224. (in Turkish)
  • Arslan, Ü. & Karabulut, Ö.A. (2005). Antifungal effect of spice plants against pathogenic fungi. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi, 36(2), 131-135. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/34180
  • Aydın, Ç. & Mammadov, R. (2017). Plant secondary metabolites demonstrating insecticidal activity and effect mechanism. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 21, 30-37. Retrieved from http://www.jrespharm.com/uploads/pdf/pdf_MPJ_454.pdf
  • Aydın, O. & Tursun, N. (2010). Determination of allelopathic effects of some plant originated essential oils on germination and emergence of some weed seeds. KSU Journal of Natural Sciences, 13, 11-17. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/328228
  • Başer K.H.C. (2001). Her derde deva bitki kekik. Bilim ve Teknik, Mayıs, 74-77. (in Turkish)
  • Başer, K.H.C. (2014). Türkiye’nin önemli tıbbi ve aromatik odun dışı orman ürünleri. Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerin Eczacılık ve Ormancılıktaki Önemi Çalıştayı, 20-21 Mart, İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya, 8-26. (in Turkish)
  • Başyiğit, B., Hayoğlu, İ.& Atasoy, F. (2017). Origanum essential oil and applications of microencapsulation. Batman University Journal of Life Sciences, 7(1/2), 63-70. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/buyasambid/issue/29807/320565
  • Bayram, E.S. (2018). The relationships between nutrition and some quality parameters of oregano (Origanum onites L.) grown organically in the conditions of Denizli province. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(2), 225-235. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29050/Harranziraat.348853
  • Bayram, E., Kırıcı, S., Tansı, S., Yılmaz, G., Arabacı, O., Kızıl, S. & Telci, İ. (2010). Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Üretiminin Arttırılması Olanakları. TMMOB, Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası 7. Teknik Kongresi, 11 Ocak, Ankara, 1-21. (in Turkish)
  • Boydağ, İ., Arslandere, Ö., Kırımer, N., Kürkçüoğlu, M. & Başer, K. H. C. (2002). Ticari kekik sularında çözünen bileşiklerin izolasyonu ve kimyasal bileşimlerinin belirlenmesi. Bitkisel İlaç Hammaddeleri Toplantısı. 29-31 Mayıs, Eskişehir, 259-263. (in Turkish)
  • Boyraz, N. & Koçak, R. (2006). In vitro antifungal effects of extracts of some plants. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20, 82-87. Retrieved from https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/TlRneU16QXc/bazi-bitki-ekstratlarinin-in-vitro-antifungal-etkileri
  • Çelen, S. (2006). Türkiye’de yayılış gösteren dört Thymus türünün uçucu yağ bileşimleri, antibakteriyel ve antifungal aktivite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Balıkesir, 86. (in Turkish).
  • Çoban, E.Ö. & Patır, B. (2010). Use of some spices and herbs antioxidant affected in foods. Electronic Journal of Food Technologies, 5(2), 7-19.
  • Dick, M.W. (1990). Keys to Pythium. College of Estate Management, White knights, Reading, 64s.
  • Daferera, D.J., Ziogas, B.N. & Polissiou, M.G. (2003). The effectiveness of plant essential oils on the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sp. and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Crop Protection, 22(1), 39-44. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00095-9
  • Hatat, G. (1995). Samsun İlinde Önemli Bazı Kültür Bitkilerinde Bulunan Pythium Türlerinin Tespiti ve Patojeniteleri Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 95. (in Turkish).
  • Hayta, E. & Arabacı, O. (2011). Determining different germination techniques on the seeds of some plant genus named as thyme. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, 91-101. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/ tr/pub/aduziraat/issue/26426/278194
  • Hendrix, F.F. & Campbell, W.A. (1973). Pythium’s as plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 11, 77-98. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.000453
  • Ho, H.H. (2018). The Taxonomy and Biology of Phytophthora and Pythium. Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology: Open Access, 6 (1), 40-45. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15406/Jbmoa.2018.06.00174
  • Kapluhan, E. (2013). An example of alternative agriculture activities in the Bekilli (Denizli): Cultivating of thyme. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 28, 194-210. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/marucog/issue/475/3930
  • Karabuğa, F. & Karaca, G. (2011). Burdur ve Denizli illeri tütün fideliklerinde bulunan patojen ve mikoparazit Pythium türleri ile mikoparazitlerin patojenler üzerindeki etkinlikleri. Türkiye 4. Bitki Koruma Kongresi Bildirileri, 28-30 Haziran 2011, Kahramanmaraş, 368. (in Turkish)
  • Karaca G., Tepedelen G., Belghouthi A. & Paul B. (2008). A new mycoparasite Pythium lycopersicum isolated in Isparta Turkey morphology molecular characteristics and its antagonism with phytopathogenic fungi. FEMS Microbiological Letters, 288, 163-170. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01334.x
  • Karaca, G., Bilginturan, M. & Olgunsoy, P. (2017). Effects of some plant essential oils against fungi on wheatseeds. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51, 385-388. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.51.3s.53
  • Kaya, G., Bilginturan, M. & Karaca, G. 2016. Portakalda mavi çürüklüğe karşı bazı bitkisel yağların etkileri. Uluslararası Katılımlı Türkiye VI. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, 5-8 Eylül 2016, Konya, 624. (in Turkish).
  • Kordali, S., Cakir, A., Ozer, H., Cakmakcı, R., Kesdek, M. & Mete, E. (2008). Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Bioresource Technology, 99(18), 8788-8795. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Biortech.2008.04.048
  • Lodhi, A.M., Shahzad, S., Ghaffar, A., (2004). Pythium deliense, a new record from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 36, 673-676. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282571001_Pythium_deliense_a_new_record_from_Pakistan
  • Li, Y.P., You, M.P. & Barbetti, M.J. (2014). Species of Pythium associated with seedling, root and hypocotyl disease on commonbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Western Australia. Plant Disease, 98, 1241-1247. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-13-1231-RE
  • Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Maipas, S., Kotampasi, C., Stamatis, P. & Hens, L. (2016). Chemical pesticides and human health: The urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Frontiers in Public Health, 4, 148. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00148
  • Olgunsoy, P. & Karaca, G. (2018). Effects of some essential oils on seed borne fungi and seed germination of rice. The Fourth Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP4), April 18-22, Antalya, Turkey. (in Turkish).
  • Özcan, M. & Boyraz, N. (2000). Antifungal properties of some herb decoctions. European Food Research and Technology, 212, 86-88. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170000249
  • Özcan, L. & Karaca, G. (2016). Effect of origano water on Pythium population in soil. Uluslararası Katılımlı Türkiye VI. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, 5-8 Eylül 2016 Konya, 629. (in Turkish).
  • Plaats-Niterink, Van Der A.J. (1981). Monograph of the Genus Pythium. Studies In Mycology, 21, 1-242. Retrieved from https://www.studiesinmycology.org/index.php/issue/23-studies-in-mycology-no-2
  • Sokovic, M., Tzakou, O., Pitarokili, D. & Couladis, M. (2002). Antifungal activities of selected aromatic plants growing wild in Greece. Nahrung-Food, 46(5), 317-320. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3803(20020901)46:5<317::Aıd-Food317>3.0.Co;2-B
  • TUİK (2019). Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Retrieved from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (in Turkish).
  • Yu, Y. & Ma, G. (1989). The genus Pythium in China. Mycosystema, 2, 1-110.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gürsel Hatat Karaca 0000-0002-5159-2734

Emine Demirbaş 0000-0002-9346-1636

Proje Numarası 2019-YL1-0017
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2020
Kabul Tarihi 28 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Hatat Karaca, G., & Demirbaş, E. (2021). Effect of oregano water on Pythium density in soil and damping-off disease on bean plants. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 5(3), 343-351. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.12

Cited By

Evaluation of the Use of Oregano and Coconut Hydrolates to Improve Onion Seed Quality
Agronomy
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102478
Propolis extract combined with oregano essential oil applied to lima bean seeds against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
European Journal of Plant Pathology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-022-02536-4
 Kapak Resmi İndir


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