Araştırma Makalesi
GEORGIAN-OSSETIAN SOCIETAL RELATIONS AND SIGNS OF EVERYDAY PEACE UNDER THE SHADOW OF THE SOUTH OSSETIA QUESTION
Öz
The South Ossetia conflict, which reflects the complex ethnic, political, and historical dynamics of the Caucasus, continues to pit Georgia, which seeks to preserve its territorial integrity, against South Ossetia, which has separatist tendencies, and Russia, which supports South Ossetia politically, militarily, and economically in order to protect its regional interests. The study analyzes the South Ossetia conflict, where the resolution of political and territorial disputes remains uncertain, in light of Georgian-Ossetian societal relations. Drawing on the concept of everyday peace, which emphasizes the significance of local actors in peacebuilding, this study argues that attitudes and behaviors at the grassroots level can be promising for peace and reconciliation efforts. In this regard, it aims to explore how the South Ossetia conflict is reflected in everyday Georgian-Ossetian relations and the potential of such relations for peace and reconciliation. Using qualitative methods, secondary sources, including various reports, documents and academic studies on Georgian-Ossetian relations, were used. The findings show that despite the negative impact of the conflicts on the demographic composition, culture of coexistence, and mutual trust, there are still signs of everyday peace between Georgians and Ossetians. Attitudes such as avoiding sensitive issues related to the conflict, emphasizing the culture of coexistence, and attributing responsibility for the conflicts to political actors rather than to intergroup hostilities were listed among the practices of everyday peace in Georgian-Ossetian relations.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Everyday Peace South Ossetia Georgia Russia Conflict Resolution
Kaynakça
- ACARAY, D. (2020). Kafkasya Jeopolitiğinde Odak Noktası Olarak Güney Osetya. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 168-183.
- ALLEN, S. H. (2022). Interactive Peacemaking: A People-Centered Approach (1. bs.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003189008
- AMNESTY INTERNATİONAL. (2008). Civilians in the Line of Fire: The Georgia-Russia Conflict. London: Amnesty International. http://amnesty.org/en/library/info/ EUR04/005/2008/en adresinden erişildi. ANTONENKO, O. (2008). A War with No Winners. Survival, 50(5), 23-36. doi:10.1080/00396330802456445
- ASKER, A. ve Kahraman, A. (2016). Gürcistan’da Devletleşme, Kimlik İnşası ve Müslüman Topluluklar. A. Aydıngün, A. Asker ve A. Y. Şir (Ed.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Topluluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset içinde (ss. 23-47). Ankara: AVİM Yayınları.
- AUTESSERRE, S. (2017). International Peacebuilding and Local Success: Assumptions and Effectiveness. International Studies Review, 19(1), 114-132. doi:10.1093/isr/viw054
- BAR-TAL, D. (2007). Sociopsychological Foundations of Intractable Conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist, 50(11), 1430–1453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207302462
- BERENTS, H. ve McEvoy-Levy, S. (2015). Theorising youth and everyday peace(building). Peacebuilding, 3(2), 115-125. doi:10.1080/21647259.2015.1052627
- BORA, A. (2009). The South Ossetian-Georgian Conflict: 1990-2008. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Middle East Technical University, Department of Eurasian Studies.
- BOULDİNG, E. (2000). Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
- BREWER, J. D. (2010). Peace Processes: A Sociological Approaches. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- BROERS, L. (2008). Filling the Void: Ethnic Politics and Nationalities Policy in Post-Conflict Georgia. Nationalities Papers, 36(2), 275-304. doi:10.1080/00905990801934363
- CAMPBELL, S., Chandler, D. ve Sabaratnam, M. (Ed.). (2011). A Liberal Peace?: The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. London: Zed Books.
- CHANDLER, D. (2000). Bosnia: Faking Democracy after Dayton. London: Pluto.
- CHANDLER, D. (2006). Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building. London: Pluto Press.
- CHANDLER, D. (2010). International Statebuilding: The Rise of Post-liberal Governance. London: Routledge.
- CHANKVETADZE, N. ve Murusidze, K. (2021). Re-examining the Radicalizing Narratives of Georgia’s Conflicts. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/05/re- examining-the-radicalizing-narratives-of-georgias-conflicts?lang=en adresinden erişildi.
- CORNELL, S. E. (2001). Small Nations and Great Powers A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. Richmond: Curzon.
- CORNELL, S. E. (2002). Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus— Cases in Georgia. Uppsala: Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research.
- CURLE, A. (1994). New Challenges for Citizen Peacemaking. Medicine and War, 10(2), 96-105. doi:10.1080/07488009408409148
- ÇAKMAK, C. (2009). Rusya’nın Güney Osetya Politikası, Neo-Self Determinasyon ve UCM’nin Rolü. Bilge Strateji, 1(1), 51-70.
- EKİNCİ, F. D. (2019). İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 16(61), 2019, 97-109. doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.541539
- EMİNOĞLU, A. ve Aydın, Y. (2021). Bosna-Hersek Bağlamında Antropolojinin Yeni Kullanım Alanı Olarak Barış Çalışmaları ve Barış İnşası. Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(1), 49-75. doi:10.30903/Balkan.954231
- FALL, S. B. (2006). Conflict in the South Caucasus. Asian Affairs, 37(2), 198-209. doi:10.1080/03068370600677520
- FETHERSTON, A. B. ve Nordstrom, C. (1995). Overcoming Habitus in Conflict Management: UN Peacekeeping and War Zone Ethnography. Peace & Change, 20(1), 94-119. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1995.tb00625.x
- GACHECHİLADZE, R. G. (1995). The New Georgia: Space, Society, Politics. Texas: Texas A&M University Press.
- GALTUNG, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191.
- GALTUNG, J. (2011). Peace, Positive and Negative. D. J. Christie (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology içinde (s. wbepp189). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp189
- GARB, P. (2009). The View from Abkhazia of South Ossetia Ablaze. Central Asian Survey, 28(2), 235-246. doi:10.1080/02634930903034856
- GOLTZ, T. (2006). Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the Post-Soviet Caucasus. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
- JUSTİNO, P., Brück, T. ve Verwimp, P. (Ed.). (2013). A Micro-Level Perspective on the Dynamics of Conflict, Violence, and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- KAUFMAN, S. J. (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- KİNG, C. (2008). Ghost of Freedom. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.
- LEDERACH, J. P. (1997). Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
- LEONARDSSON, H. ve Rudd, G. (2015). The ‘local turn’ in peacebuilding: A literature review of effective and
- emancipatory local peacebuilding. Third World Quarterly, 36(5), 825-839. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1029905
- MAC GINTY, R. (2006). No War, No Peace: The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- MAC GINTY, R. (2008). Indigenous Peace-Making Versus the Liberal Peace. Cooperation and Conflict, 43(2), 139-163. doi:10.1177/0010836708089080
- MAC GINTY, R. (2010). No War, No Peace: Why so Many Peace Processes Fail to Deliver Peace. International Politics, 47(2), 145-162.
- MAC GINTY, R. (2014). Everyday peace: Bottom-up and local agency in conflict-affected societies. Security Dialogue, 45(6), 548-564. doi:10.1177/0967010614550899
- MAC GINTY, R. (2021). Everyday Peace: How So-called Ordinary People Can Disrupt Violent Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press.
- MAC GINTY, R. (2022). Everyday Peace. The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- MAC GINTY, R. ve Firchow, P. (2016). Top-down and bottom-up narratives of peace and conflict. Politics, 36(3), 308-323. doi:10.1177/0263395715622967
- MAC GINTY, R. ve Richmond, O. P. (2013). The Local Turn in Peace Building: A critical agenda for peace. Third World Quarterly, 34(5), 763-783. doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.800750
- MARKEDONOV, S. (2015). The South Ossetia Conflict. A. Bebler (Ed.), “Frozen Conflicts" in Europe içinde (1. bs., ss. 111-118). Opladen: Verlag Barbara Budrich. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvdf0bmg.11 adresinden erişildi.
- MEYDAN, V. (2017). 2008 Rusya-Gürcistan Savaşı’nın Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma Yasağı Çerçevesinde Analizi. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(2), 417-429. doi:10.33905/bseusbed.344587
- MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP. (2018). Ossetians in Georgia. Minority Rights Group. 17 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://minorityrights.org/communities/ossetians/ adresinden erişildi.
- MURUSİDZE, K. ve Chankvetadze, N. (2022). Everyday Peace Indicators in Conflict-Affected Communities. Tbilisi: PMC Research Center.
- NAN, S. A. (2010). The Roles of Conflict Resolution Scholars in Georgian- Abkhaz and Georgian-South-Ossetian Conflict and Conflict Resolution. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 23(2), 237-258. doi:10.1080/09557571003745856
- NEWMAN, E., Paris, R. ve Richmond, O. P. (Ed.). (2009). New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding. Tokyo, New York: United Nations University Press.
- NORDSTROM, C. (1997). A Different Kind of War Story. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- O’BALLANCE, E. (1997). Wars in the Caucasus, 1990-1995. New York: New York University Press.
- OBERSCHALL, A. (2013). History and Peacebuilding. R. Mac Ginty (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Peacebuilding içinde (ss. 171-182). Oxon; New York: Routledge.
- PARIS, R. (2010). Saving liberal peacebuilding. Review of International Studies, 36(2), 337-365. doi:10.1017/S0260210510000057
- POTIER, T. (2001). Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
- RICHMOND, O. P. (2007). The Transformation of Peace; NR Cooper, ‘Review article: On the crisis of the liberal peace’. Conflict, Security and Development, 7(4), 605-616.
- RICHMOND, O. P. (2009a). A post-liberal peace: Eirenism and the everyday. Review of International Studies, 35(3), 557-580. doi:10.1017/S0260210509008651
- RICHMOND, O. P. (2009b). Becoming Liberal, Unbecoming Liberalism: Liberal-Local Hybridity via the Everyday as a Response to the Paradoxes of Liberal Peacebuilding. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 3(3), 324- 344. doi:10.1080/17502970903086719
- ROSS, M. H. (2013). The Politics of Memory and Peacebuilding. R. Mac Ginty (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Peacebuilding içinde (ss. 91-101). Oxon; New York: Routledge.
- RUPESINGHE, K. (1995). Conflict Transformation. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- SAMUELS, K. (2006). Post-Conflict Peace-Building and Constitution-Making. Journal of International Law, 6(2), 663-682.
- SANDIKLI, A., İsmayılov, E. ve Gafarlı, O. (2014). Kafkasya’daki Gelişmeler ve Türkiye ( No: 60). İstanbul: Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi.
- SORDIA, G. (2009). Ossetians in Georgia: In the wake of the 2008 war (ECMI Working Paper No: 45). Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI).
- SOTİRİOU, S.A. (2019). The Irreversibility of History: The Conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Problems of Post-Communism, 66(3), 172-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2017.1406310
- SUNY, R. G. (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- TOAL, G. ve O’Loughlin, J. (2013). Inside South Ossetia: A survey of attitudes in a de facto state. Post-Soviet Affairs, 29(2), 136-172. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2013.780417
- TOTADZE, A. (2008). The Ossets in Georgia: Myth and Reality. Tbilisi: Universal.
- VARTANYAN, O., Lucena, J. G. ve Malaney, M. (2022, 6 Aralık). Fenced In: Stabilising the Georgia-South Ossetia Separation Line. International Crisis Group. 16 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe- central-asia/caucasus/georgia/fenced-stabilising-georgia-south-ossetia-separation-line adresinden erişildi.
- WAKİZAKA, K. (2017). Gürcistan Osetlerinde Kimlik: Lagodekhi ve Kaspi Örneği. Vakanüvis—Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, (2), 636-658.
- WAKİZAKA, K. (2022). Gürcistan’daki Gürcü-Oset İlişkileri ve Ortak Tarih Anlayışı. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 532-548.
- WARE, A. ve Ware, V.-A. (2022). Everyday peace: Rethinking typologies of social practice and local agency. Peacebuilding, 10(3), 222-241. doi:10.1080/21647259.2021.1997387
- WHEATLEY, J. (2005). Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution: Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union. Aldershot: Ashgate.
- YENİGÜN, C. ve Bolat, M. A. (2007). Gürcistan: Kaf Dağı’nın Ardındaki Çatışma. K. İnat, B. Duran ve M. Ataman (Ed.), Dünya Çatışmaları: Çatışma Bölgeleri ve Konuları içinde (C. 1, ss. 329-340). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 86, 684 - 704, 28.06.2025
Öz
Kafkasya’nın karmaşık etnik, siyasi ve tarihsel dinamiklerinin bir yansıması olan Güney Osetya meselesi, toprak bütünlüğünü tesis etmek isteyen Gürcistan, ayrılıkçı eğilimlere sahip Güney Osetya ve bölgesel çıkarlarını korumak için Güney Osetya’ya siyasi, askeri ve ekonomik destek sunan Rusya denkleminde varlığını korumaktadır. Bu çalışmada, siyasi ve teritoryal anlaşmazlıkların çözümü konusunda belirsizliğin sürdüğü Güney Osetya meselesi Gürcü-Oset toplumsal ilişkileri bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın kavramsal çerçevesi, barış inşasında yerel aktörlerin rolüne ve önemine dikkat çeken, toplumsal düzeydeki tutum ve davranışların barış ve uzlaşma çabaları için umut vaad edebileceğini savunan gündelik barış yaklaşımına dayanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Güney Osetya meselesinin Gürcü-Oset ilişkilerinde günlük yaşamda nasıl yansıma bulduğunun ve toplumsal ilişkilerin barış ve uzlaşma için taşıdığı potansiyelin keşfedilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemine başvurularak, Gürcüler ve Osetler arasındaki ilişkileri ele alan çeşitli raporlar, belgeler ve akademik çalışmalardan oluşan ikincil kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, yaşanan çatışmaların demografik yapıya, bir arada yaşama kültürüne ve karşılıklı güven ilişkilerine olumsuz yansımaları olmasına rağmen Gürcü ve Osetler arasında toplumsal düzeyde gündelik barışın izlerinin halen bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Toplumsal ilişkilerde çatışmaya dair hassas konulara girmekten kaçınma, bir arada yaşama kültürüne vurgu yapma ve yaşanan çatışmaların sorumluluğunu gruplar arası düşmanlıklardan ziyade belli siyasi aktörlere yükleme gibi tutumlar Gürcü-Oset ilişkilerindeki gündelik barış pratikleri arasında sıralanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ACARAY, D. (2020). Kafkasya Jeopolitiğinde Odak Noktası Olarak Güney Osetya. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 168-183.
- ALLEN, S. H. (2022). Interactive Peacemaking: A People-Centered Approach (1. bs.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003189008
- AMNESTY INTERNATİONAL. (2008). Civilians in the Line of Fire: The Georgia-Russia Conflict. London: Amnesty International. http://amnesty.org/en/library/info/ EUR04/005/2008/en adresinden erişildi. ANTONENKO, O. (2008). A War with No Winners. Survival, 50(5), 23-36. doi:10.1080/00396330802456445
- ASKER, A. ve Kahraman, A. (2016). Gürcistan’da Devletleşme, Kimlik İnşası ve Müslüman Topluluklar. A. Aydıngün, A. Asker ve A. Y. Şir (Ed.), Gürcistan’daki Müslüman Topluluklar: Azınlık Hakları, Kimlik, Siyaset içinde (ss. 23-47). Ankara: AVİM Yayınları.
- AUTESSERRE, S. (2017). International Peacebuilding and Local Success: Assumptions and Effectiveness. International Studies Review, 19(1), 114-132. doi:10.1093/isr/viw054
- BAR-TAL, D. (2007). Sociopsychological Foundations of Intractable Conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist, 50(11), 1430–1453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207302462
- BERENTS, H. ve McEvoy-Levy, S. (2015). Theorising youth and everyday peace(building). Peacebuilding, 3(2), 115-125. doi:10.1080/21647259.2015.1052627
- BORA, A. (2009). The South Ossetian-Georgian Conflict: 1990-2008. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Middle East Technical University, Department of Eurasian Studies.
- BOULDİNG, E. (2000). Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
- BREWER, J. D. (2010). Peace Processes: A Sociological Approaches. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- BROERS, L. (2008). Filling the Void: Ethnic Politics and Nationalities Policy in Post-Conflict Georgia. Nationalities Papers, 36(2), 275-304. doi:10.1080/00905990801934363
- CAMPBELL, S., Chandler, D. ve Sabaratnam, M. (Ed.). (2011). A Liberal Peace?: The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. London: Zed Books.
- CHANDLER, D. (2000). Bosnia: Faking Democracy after Dayton. London: Pluto.
- CHANDLER, D. (2006). Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building. London: Pluto Press.
- CHANDLER, D. (2010). International Statebuilding: The Rise of Post-liberal Governance. London: Routledge.
- CHANKVETADZE, N. ve Murusidze, K. (2021). Re-examining the Radicalizing Narratives of Georgia’s Conflicts. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/05/re- examining-the-radicalizing-narratives-of-georgias-conflicts?lang=en adresinden erişildi.
- CORNELL, S. E. (2001). Small Nations and Great Powers A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. Richmond: Curzon.
- CORNELL, S. E. (2002). Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus— Cases in Georgia. Uppsala: Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research.
- CURLE, A. (1994). New Challenges for Citizen Peacemaking. Medicine and War, 10(2), 96-105. doi:10.1080/07488009408409148
- ÇAKMAK, C. (2009). Rusya’nın Güney Osetya Politikası, Neo-Self Determinasyon ve UCM’nin Rolü. Bilge Strateji, 1(1), 51-70.
- EKİNCİ, F. D. (2019). İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 16(61), 2019, 97-109. doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.541539
- EMİNOĞLU, A. ve Aydın, Y. (2021). Bosna-Hersek Bağlamında Antropolojinin Yeni Kullanım Alanı Olarak Barış Çalışmaları ve Barış İnşası. Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(1), 49-75. doi:10.30903/Balkan.954231
- FALL, S. B. (2006). Conflict in the South Caucasus. Asian Affairs, 37(2), 198-209. doi:10.1080/03068370600677520
- FETHERSTON, A. B. ve Nordstrom, C. (1995). Overcoming Habitus in Conflict Management: UN Peacekeeping and War Zone Ethnography. Peace & Change, 20(1), 94-119. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1995.tb00625.x
- GACHECHİLADZE, R. G. (1995). The New Georgia: Space, Society, Politics. Texas: Texas A&M University Press.
- GALTUNG, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191.
- GALTUNG, J. (2011). Peace, Positive and Negative. D. J. Christie (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology içinde (s. wbepp189). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp189
- GARB, P. (2009). The View from Abkhazia of South Ossetia Ablaze. Central Asian Survey, 28(2), 235-246. doi:10.1080/02634930903034856
- GOLTZ, T. (2006). Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the Post-Soviet Caucasus. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
- JUSTİNO, P., Brück, T. ve Verwimp, P. (Ed.). (2013). A Micro-Level Perspective on the Dynamics of Conflict, Violence, and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- KAUFMAN, S. J. (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- KİNG, C. (2008). Ghost of Freedom. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.
- LEDERACH, J. P. (1997). Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
- LEONARDSSON, H. ve Rudd, G. (2015). The ‘local turn’ in peacebuilding: A literature review of effective and
- emancipatory local peacebuilding. Third World Quarterly, 36(5), 825-839. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1029905
- MAC GINTY, R. (2006). No War, No Peace: The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- MAC GINTY, R. (2008). Indigenous Peace-Making Versus the Liberal Peace. Cooperation and Conflict, 43(2), 139-163. doi:10.1177/0010836708089080
- MAC GINTY, R. (2010). No War, No Peace: Why so Many Peace Processes Fail to Deliver Peace. International Politics, 47(2), 145-162.
- MAC GINTY, R. (2014). Everyday peace: Bottom-up and local agency in conflict-affected societies. Security Dialogue, 45(6), 548-564. doi:10.1177/0967010614550899
- MAC GINTY, R. (2021). Everyday Peace: How So-called Ordinary People Can Disrupt Violent Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press.
- MAC GINTY, R. (2022). Everyday Peace. The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- MAC GINTY, R. ve Firchow, P. (2016). Top-down and bottom-up narratives of peace and conflict. Politics, 36(3), 308-323. doi:10.1177/0263395715622967
- MAC GINTY, R. ve Richmond, O. P. (2013). The Local Turn in Peace Building: A critical agenda for peace. Third World Quarterly, 34(5), 763-783. doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.800750
- MARKEDONOV, S. (2015). The South Ossetia Conflict. A. Bebler (Ed.), “Frozen Conflicts" in Europe içinde (1. bs., ss. 111-118). Opladen: Verlag Barbara Budrich. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvdf0bmg.11 adresinden erişildi.
- MEYDAN, V. (2017). 2008 Rusya-Gürcistan Savaşı’nın Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma Yasağı Çerçevesinde Analizi. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(2), 417-429. doi:10.33905/bseusbed.344587
- MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP. (2018). Ossetians in Georgia. Minority Rights Group. 17 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://minorityrights.org/communities/ossetians/ adresinden erişildi.
- MURUSİDZE, K. ve Chankvetadze, N. (2022). Everyday Peace Indicators in Conflict-Affected Communities. Tbilisi: PMC Research Center.
- NAN, S. A. (2010). The Roles of Conflict Resolution Scholars in Georgian- Abkhaz and Georgian-South-Ossetian Conflict and Conflict Resolution. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 23(2), 237-258. doi:10.1080/09557571003745856
- NEWMAN, E., Paris, R. ve Richmond, O. P. (Ed.). (2009). New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding. Tokyo, New York: United Nations University Press.
- NORDSTROM, C. (1997). A Different Kind of War Story. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- O’BALLANCE, E. (1997). Wars in the Caucasus, 1990-1995. New York: New York University Press.
- OBERSCHALL, A. (2013). History and Peacebuilding. R. Mac Ginty (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Peacebuilding içinde (ss. 171-182). Oxon; New York: Routledge.
- PARIS, R. (2010). Saving liberal peacebuilding. Review of International Studies, 36(2), 337-365. doi:10.1017/S0260210510000057
- POTIER, T. (2001). Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
- RICHMOND, O. P. (2007). The Transformation of Peace; NR Cooper, ‘Review article: On the crisis of the liberal peace’. Conflict, Security and Development, 7(4), 605-616.
- RICHMOND, O. P. (2009a). A post-liberal peace: Eirenism and the everyday. Review of International Studies, 35(3), 557-580. doi:10.1017/S0260210509008651
- RICHMOND, O. P. (2009b). Becoming Liberal, Unbecoming Liberalism: Liberal-Local Hybridity via the Everyday as a Response to the Paradoxes of Liberal Peacebuilding. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 3(3), 324- 344. doi:10.1080/17502970903086719
- ROSS, M. H. (2013). The Politics of Memory and Peacebuilding. R. Mac Ginty (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Peacebuilding içinde (ss. 91-101). Oxon; New York: Routledge.
- RUPESINGHE, K. (1995). Conflict Transformation. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- SAMUELS, K. (2006). Post-Conflict Peace-Building and Constitution-Making. Journal of International Law, 6(2), 663-682.
- SANDIKLI, A., İsmayılov, E. ve Gafarlı, O. (2014). Kafkasya’daki Gelişmeler ve Türkiye ( No: 60). İstanbul: Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi.
- SORDIA, G. (2009). Ossetians in Georgia: In the wake of the 2008 war (ECMI Working Paper No: 45). Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI).
- SOTİRİOU, S.A. (2019). The Irreversibility of History: The Conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Problems of Post-Communism, 66(3), 172-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2017.1406310
- SUNY, R. G. (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- TOAL, G. ve O’Loughlin, J. (2013). Inside South Ossetia: A survey of attitudes in a de facto state. Post-Soviet Affairs, 29(2), 136-172. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2013.780417
- TOTADZE, A. (2008). The Ossets in Georgia: Myth and Reality. Tbilisi: Universal.
- VARTANYAN, O., Lucena, J. G. ve Malaney, M. (2022, 6 Aralık). Fenced In: Stabilising the Georgia-South Ossetia Separation Line. International Crisis Group. 16 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe- central-asia/caucasus/georgia/fenced-stabilising-georgia-south-ossetia-separation-line adresinden erişildi.
- WAKİZAKA, K. (2017). Gürcistan Osetlerinde Kimlik: Lagodekhi ve Kaspi Örneği. Vakanüvis—Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, (2), 636-658.
- WAKİZAKA, K. (2022). Gürcistan’daki Gürcü-Oset İlişkileri ve Ortak Tarih Anlayışı. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 532-548.
- WARE, A. ve Ware, V.-A. (2022). Everyday peace: Rethinking typologies of social practice and local agency. Peacebuilding, 10(3), 222-241. doi:10.1080/21647259.2021.1997387
- WHEATLEY, J. (2005). Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution: Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union. Aldershot: Ashgate.
- YENİGÜN, C. ve Bolat, M. A. (2007). Gürcistan: Kaf Dağı’nın Ardındaki Çatışma. K. İnat, B. Duran ve M. Ataman (Ed.), Dünya Çatışmaları: Çatışma Bölgeleri ve Konuları içinde (C. 1, ss. 329-340). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Bölgesel Çalışmalar, Uluslararası İlişkilerde Siyaset, Uluslararası İlişkilerde Uyuşmazlık Çözümü |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 23 Ocak 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 2 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 86 |
