Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 420 - 428, 26.06.2025
Gülşah Gürol
,
Tuba Güngör Aslan
,
Fatma Gürler
,
Artun Yıbar
Kaynakça
- AARC-APT (American Association of Respiratory Care-Association of Polysomnography Technologists). (1995). Clinical practice guideline. Polysomnography Respiratory Care, 40(12), 1336-1343.
- Agargun, M.Y., Kara, H., Anlar, O. (1996). The validity and reliability of the pittsburgh sleep quality index. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 7(2), 107-115.
- Alruwaili, N.W., Alqahtani, N., Alanazi, M.H., Alanazi, B.S., Aljrbua, M.S., Gatar, O.M. (2023). The effect of nutrition and physical activity on sleep quality among adults: A scoping review. Sleep Science and Practice, 7(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41606-023-00090-4
- Baranwal, N., Yu, P. K., Siegel, N. S. (2023). Sleep physiology, pathophysiology, and sleep hygiene. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 77, 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2023.02.005
- Behbahani, H.B., Borazjani, F., Sheikhi, L., Amiri, R., Angali, K.A., Nejad, S.B., Samadani, M. (2022). The association between diet quality scores with sleep quality among employees: A cross-sectional study. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 32(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v32i1.16
- Binks, H., Vincent, G.E., Gupta, C., Irwin, C., Khalesi, S. (2020). Effects of diet on sleep: A narrative review. Nutrients, 12(4), 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040936
- Buysse, D.J., Reynolds, C.F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R., Kupfer, D.J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
- Cheon, J., Kim, M. (2022). Comprehensive effects of various nutrients on sleep. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 20(4), 449-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-022-00408-2
- Del Brutto, O.H., Mera, R.M., Ha, J.E., Gillman, J., Zambrano, M., Castillo, P. R. (2016). Dietary fish intake and sleep quality: A population-based study. Sleep Medicine, 17, 126-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.20185.09.021
- Doo, M., Kim, Y. (2016). Association between sleep duration and obesity is modified by dietary macronutrients intake in Korean. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 10(4), 424-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2015.08.010
- Gardiner, C., Weakley, J., Burke, L.M., Roach, G.D., Sargent, C., Maniar, N., Townshend, A., Halson, S.L. (2023). The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 69, 101764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101764
- Godos, J., Grosso, G., Castellano, S., Galvano, F., Caraci, F., Ferri, R. (2021). Association between diet and sleep quality: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 57, 101430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101430
- Hepsomali, P., Groeger, J.A. (2021). Diet, sleep, and mental health: Insights from the UK Biobank Study. Nutrients,13(8), 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082573
- Hindmarch, I., Rigney, U., Stanley, N., Quinlan, P., Rycroft, J., Lane, J. (2000). A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffee and water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 149, 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130000383
- Hur, S., Oh, B., Kim, H., Kwon, O. (2021). Associations of diet quality and sleep quality with obesity. Nutrients, 13(9), 3181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093181
- Indrasari Utami, D. K., Indradewi Karang, A. A. A. S., Aryasa, I. A. (2023). Effect of food intake on sleep: Mechanisms and recommendations. International Journal of Research and Review, 10(2), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230253
- Kalam, F., Gabel, K., Cienfuegos, S., Ezpeleta, M., Wiseman, E., Varady, K.A. (2021). Alternate day fasting combined with a low carbohydrate diet: effect on sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity and risk of obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity. Nutrients, 13(1), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010211
- Katagiri, R., Asakura, A., Kobayashi, S., Suga, H., Sasaki, S. (2014). Low intake of vegetables, high intake of confectionary, and unhealthy eating habits are associated with poor sleep quality among middle-aged female Japanese workers. Journal of Occuatioal Health, 56(5), 359-368. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.14-0051-OA
- Kleiser, C., Wawro, N., Stelmach-Mardas, M., Boeing, H., Gedrich, K., Himmerich, H., Linseisen, J. (2017). Are sleep duration, midpoint of sleep and sleep quality associated with dietary intake among Bavarian adults? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 631-637. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.264
- Kracht, C., Chaput, J.P., Martin, C.K., Champagne, C.M., Katzmarzyk, P.T. (2019). Associations of sleep with food cravings diet, and obesity in adolescence. Nutrients, 11(12), 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122899
- Krebs-Smith, S.M., Pannucci, T.E., Subar, A.F., Kirkpatrick, S.I., Lerman, J.L., Tooze, J.A., Wilson, M.M., Reddy, J. (2018). Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2015. Journal of Academy Nutrition and Dietetics, 118(9), 1591-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.021
- Lindseth, G., Murray, A. (2016). Dietary macronutrients and sleep. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(8), 938-958. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916643712
- Medic, G., Wille, M., Hemels, M. (2017). Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption. Nature and Science of Sleep, 9, 151-161. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S134864
- O’Callaghan, F., Muurlink, O., Reid, N. (2018). Effects of caffeine on sleep quality and daytime functioning. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 11, 263-273. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S156404
- Pattnaik, H., Mir, M., Boike, S., Kashyap, R., Khan, S. A., Surani, S. (2022). Nutritional Elements in Sleep. Cureus, 14(12), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.32803
- Phillips, F., Crisp, A.H., McGuiness, B., Kalucy, E.C., Chen, C.N., Koval, J., Kalucy, R.S., Lacey, J.H. (1975). Isocaloric diet changes and electroencephalographic sleep. The Lancet, 306, 723-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90718-7
- Ramón-Arbués, E., Granada-López, J.-M., Martínez-Abadía, B., Echániz-Serrano, E., Antón-Solanas, I., Jerue, B.A. (2022). The association between diet and sleep quality among Spanish university students. Nutrients, 14(16), 3291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163291
- Rétey, J.V., Adam, M., Khatami, R., Luhmann, U.F.O., Jung, H.H., Berger, W., Landolt, H.F. (2007). A genetic variation in the adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) contributes to individual sensitivity to caffeine effects on sleep. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 81, 692-698. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100102
- Ruel, M.T. (2002). Is dietary diversity an indicator of food security or dietary quality? A review of measurement issues and research needs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 24(2), 231-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482650302400217
- Sato-Mito, N., Sasaki, S., Murakamz, K., Okubo, H., Takahashi, Y., Shibata, S., Yamada, K., Sato, K., the Freshmen in Dietetic Courses Study II group. (2011). The midpoint of sleep is associated with dietary intake and dietary behavior among young Japanese women. Sleep Medicine, 12(3), 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.09.012
- Sejbuk, M., Mirończuk-Chodakowska, I., Witkowska, A. M. (2022). Sleep quality: A narrative review on nutrition, stimulants, and physical activity as important factors. Nutrients, 14(9), 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091912
- Shi, Z., McEvoy, M., Luu, J., Attia, J. (2008). Dietary fat and sleep duration in Chinese men and women. International Journal of Obesity, 32, 1835-1840. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.191
- Štefan, L., Radman, I., Podnar, H., Vrgoč, G. (2018). Sleep duration and sleep quality associated with dietary index in free-living very old adults. Nutrients, 10(11), 1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111748
- St-Onge, M.-P., Cherta-Murillo, A., Darimont, C., Mantantzis, K., Martin, F. P., Owen, L. (2023). The interrelationship between sleep, diet, and glucose metabolism. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 69, 101788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101788
- St-Onge, M.P., Roberts, A., Shechter, A., Choudhury, A.R. (2016). Fiber and saturated fat are associated with sleep arousals and slow wave sleep. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(1), 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916643712
- St-Onge, M.P., Mikic, A., Pietrolungo, C.E. (2016). Effects of Diet on Sleep Quality. Adv Nutr., 15, 7(5), 938-49. doi: 10.3945/an.116.012336.
- Vlahoyiannis, A., Giannaki, C.D., Sakkas, G.K., Aphamis, G., Andreou, E. (2021). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression on the effects of carbohydrates on sleep. Nutrients, 13(4), 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041283
- Weibel, J., Lin, Y.S., Landolt, H.P., Kistler, J., Rehm, S., Rentsch, K.M., Slawik, H., Borgwart, S., Cajochen, C., Reichert, C.F. (2021). The impact of daily caffeine intake on nighttime sleep in young adult men. Scientific Reports, 11, 4668. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84088-x
- Wilson, K., St-Onge, M.-P., Tasali, E. (2022). Diet Composition and Objectively Assessed Sleep Quality: A Narrative Review. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 122(6), 1182-1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2022.01.007
- Wu, W., Zhao, A., Man-Yau Szeto, I., Wang, Y., Meng, L., Li, T., Zhang, J., Wang, M., Tian, Z., Zhang, Y. (2019). Diet quality, consumption of seafood and eggs are associated with sleep quality among Chinese urban adults: A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China. Wiley, 7, 2091-2102. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1050
- Yazdani, V., Zeraattalab-Motlagh, S., Jayedi, A., Majdi, M., Mirrafiei, A., Martami, F., Djafarian, K., Shab-Bidar, S. (2023). The association between self-reported nocturnal sleep duration, irregularity in daily energy intake and diet quality in a sample of Iranian adults. Public Health Nutrition, 26(8), 1609-1616. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023000502
- Zhao, M., Tuo, H., Wang, S., Zhao, L. (2020). The effects of dietary nutrition on sleep and sleep disorders. Mediators of Inflammation, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3142874
- Zuraikat, F. M., Wood, R. A., Barragán, R., St-Onge, M.-P. (2021). Sleep and Diet: Mounting Evidence of a Cyclical Relationship. Annual Review of Nutrition, 41(1), 309-332. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-120420-021719
An investigation of the association of sleep quality and diet quality in adults
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 420 - 428, 26.06.2025
Gülşah Gürol
,
Tuba Güngör Aslan
,
Fatma Gürler
,
Artun Yıbar
Öz
This study, which aimed to examine the relationship between sleep quality and diet quality in adults, was conducted on 50 adults residing in Bursa province and known not to use sleeping pills. The researchers via face-to-face interviews completed a questionnaire, querying the personal characteristics, sleep duration and sleep quality of the participants. The daily food consumption data of the participants were recorded using the retrospective recall method. Diet quality and sleep quality were measured using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. Most of the participants were female (62%) and aged 25-44 years (68%). The groups with good and poor sleep quality significantly differed for caffeine intake (p < 0.05). No statistically significant correlation was observed between sleep quality and other nutrients including vitamin A, calcium and iron (p > 0.05). While no statistically significant correlation was determined between sleep quality and the HEI overall diet quality score (p > 0.05), the HEI components, the wholegrain score displayed a statistically significant negative correlation with the overall sleep quality score (p < 0.05). In this study, no statistically significant correlation was determined between overall diet quality and sleep quality, but caffeine intake and wholegrain consumption were ascertained to significantly affect sleep quality.
Etik Beyan
Peer-review
Externally peer-reviewed.
Declaration of Interests
The authors declare that they have no actual, potential, or perceived conflict of interest for this article.
Author contribution
The contribution of the authors to the present study is equal. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
All the authors verify that the text, figures, and tables are original and that they have not been published before.
Ethics committee approval
The Bursa Uludag University Ethics Committee approved the study during meeting number 2020-19/11.
Kaynakça
- AARC-APT (American Association of Respiratory Care-Association of Polysomnography Technologists). (1995). Clinical practice guideline. Polysomnography Respiratory Care, 40(12), 1336-1343.
- Agargun, M.Y., Kara, H., Anlar, O. (1996). The validity and reliability of the pittsburgh sleep quality index. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 7(2), 107-115.
- Alruwaili, N.W., Alqahtani, N., Alanazi, M.H., Alanazi, B.S., Aljrbua, M.S., Gatar, O.M. (2023). The effect of nutrition and physical activity on sleep quality among adults: A scoping review. Sleep Science and Practice, 7(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41606-023-00090-4
- Baranwal, N., Yu, P. K., Siegel, N. S. (2023). Sleep physiology, pathophysiology, and sleep hygiene. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 77, 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2023.02.005
- Behbahani, H.B., Borazjani, F., Sheikhi, L., Amiri, R., Angali, K.A., Nejad, S.B., Samadani, M. (2022). The association between diet quality scores with sleep quality among employees: A cross-sectional study. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 32(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v32i1.16
- Binks, H., Vincent, G.E., Gupta, C., Irwin, C., Khalesi, S. (2020). Effects of diet on sleep: A narrative review. Nutrients, 12(4), 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040936
- Buysse, D.J., Reynolds, C.F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R., Kupfer, D.J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
- Cheon, J., Kim, M. (2022). Comprehensive effects of various nutrients on sleep. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 20(4), 449-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-022-00408-2
- Del Brutto, O.H., Mera, R.M., Ha, J.E., Gillman, J., Zambrano, M., Castillo, P. R. (2016). Dietary fish intake and sleep quality: A population-based study. Sleep Medicine, 17, 126-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.20185.09.021
- Doo, M., Kim, Y. (2016). Association between sleep duration and obesity is modified by dietary macronutrients intake in Korean. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 10(4), 424-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2015.08.010
- Gardiner, C., Weakley, J., Burke, L.M., Roach, G.D., Sargent, C., Maniar, N., Townshend, A., Halson, S.L. (2023). The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 69, 101764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101764
- Godos, J., Grosso, G., Castellano, S., Galvano, F., Caraci, F., Ferri, R. (2021). Association between diet and sleep quality: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 57, 101430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101430
- Hepsomali, P., Groeger, J.A. (2021). Diet, sleep, and mental health: Insights from the UK Biobank Study. Nutrients,13(8), 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082573
- Hindmarch, I., Rigney, U., Stanley, N., Quinlan, P., Rycroft, J., Lane, J. (2000). A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffee and water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 149, 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130000383
- Hur, S., Oh, B., Kim, H., Kwon, O. (2021). Associations of diet quality and sleep quality with obesity. Nutrients, 13(9), 3181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093181
- Indrasari Utami, D. K., Indradewi Karang, A. A. A. S., Aryasa, I. A. (2023). Effect of food intake on sleep: Mechanisms and recommendations. International Journal of Research and Review, 10(2), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230253
- Kalam, F., Gabel, K., Cienfuegos, S., Ezpeleta, M., Wiseman, E., Varady, K.A. (2021). Alternate day fasting combined with a low carbohydrate diet: effect on sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity and risk of obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity. Nutrients, 13(1), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010211
- Katagiri, R., Asakura, A., Kobayashi, S., Suga, H., Sasaki, S. (2014). Low intake of vegetables, high intake of confectionary, and unhealthy eating habits are associated with poor sleep quality among middle-aged female Japanese workers. Journal of Occuatioal Health, 56(5), 359-368. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.14-0051-OA
- Kleiser, C., Wawro, N., Stelmach-Mardas, M., Boeing, H., Gedrich, K., Himmerich, H., Linseisen, J. (2017). Are sleep duration, midpoint of sleep and sleep quality associated with dietary intake among Bavarian adults? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 631-637. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.264
- Kracht, C., Chaput, J.P., Martin, C.K., Champagne, C.M., Katzmarzyk, P.T. (2019). Associations of sleep with food cravings diet, and obesity in adolescence. Nutrients, 11(12), 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122899
- Krebs-Smith, S.M., Pannucci, T.E., Subar, A.F., Kirkpatrick, S.I., Lerman, J.L., Tooze, J.A., Wilson, M.M., Reddy, J. (2018). Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2015. Journal of Academy Nutrition and Dietetics, 118(9), 1591-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.021
- Lindseth, G., Murray, A. (2016). Dietary macronutrients and sleep. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(8), 938-958. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916643712
- Medic, G., Wille, M., Hemels, M. (2017). Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption. Nature and Science of Sleep, 9, 151-161. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S134864
- O’Callaghan, F., Muurlink, O., Reid, N. (2018). Effects of caffeine on sleep quality and daytime functioning. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 11, 263-273. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S156404
- Pattnaik, H., Mir, M., Boike, S., Kashyap, R., Khan, S. A., Surani, S. (2022). Nutritional Elements in Sleep. Cureus, 14(12), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.32803
- Phillips, F., Crisp, A.H., McGuiness, B., Kalucy, E.C., Chen, C.N., Koval, J., Kalucy, R.S., Lacey, J.H. (1975). Isocaloric diet changes and electroencephalographic sleep. The Lancet, 306, 723-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90718-7
- Ramón-Arbués, E., Granada-López, J.-M., Martínez-Abadía, B., Echániz-Serrano, E., Antón-Solanas, I., Jerue, B.A. (2022). The association between diet and sleep quality among Spanish university students. Nutrients, 14(16), 3291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163291
- Rétey, J.V., Adam, M., Khatami, R., Luhmann, U.F.O., Jung, H.H., Berger, W., Landolt, H.F. (2007). A genetic variation in the adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) contributes to individual sensitivity to caffeine effects on sleep. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 81, 692-698. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100102
- Ruel, M.T. (2002). Is dietary diversity an indicator of food security or dietary quality? A review of measurement issues and research needs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 24(2), 231-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482650302400217
- Sato-Mito, N., Sasaki, S., Murakamz, K., Okubo, H., Takahashi, Y., Shibata, S., Yamada, K., Sato, K., the Freshmen in Dietetic Courses Study II group. (2011). The midpoint of sleep is associated with dietary intake and dietary behavior among young Japanese women. Sleep Medicine, 12(3), 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.09.012
- Sejbuk, M., Mirończuk-Chodakowska, I., Witkowska, A. M. (2022). Sleep quality: A narrative review on nutrition, stimulants, and physical activity as important factors. Nutrients, 14(9), 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091912
- Shi, Z., McEvoy, M., Luu, J., Attia, J. (2008). Dietary fat and sleep duration in Chinese men and women. International Journal of Obesity, 32, 1835-1840. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.191
- Štefan, L., Radman, I., Podnar, H., Vrgoč, G. (2018). Sleep duration and sleep quality associated with dietary index in free-living very old adults. Nutrients, 10(11), 1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111748
- St-Onge, M.-P., Cherta-Murillo, A., Darimont, C., Mantantzis, K., Martin, F. P., Owen, L. (2023). The interrelationship between sleep, diet, and glucose metabolism. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 69, 101788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101788
- St-Onge, M.P., Roberts, A., Shechter, A., Choudhury, A.R. (2016). Fiber and saturated fat are associated with sleep arousals and slow wave sleep. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(1), 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916643712
- St-Onge, M.P., Mikic, A., Pietrolungo, C.E. (2016). Effects of Diet on Sleep Quality. Adv Nutr., 15, 7(5), 938-49. doi: 10.3945/an.116.012336.
- Vlahoyiannis, A., Giannaki, C.D., Sakkas, G.K., Aphamis, G., Andreou, E. (2021). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression on the effects of carbohydrates on sleep. Nutrients, 13(4), 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041283
- Weibel, J., Lin, Y.S., Landolt, H.P., Kistler, J., Rehm, S., Rentsch, K.M., Slawik, H., Borgwart, S., Cajochen, C., Reichert, C.F. (2021). The impact of daily caffeine intake on nighttime sleep in young adult men. Scientific Reports, 11, 4668. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84088-x
- Wilson, K., St-Onge, M.-P., Tasali, E. (2022). Diet Composition and Objectively Assessed Sleep Quality: A Narrative Review. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 122(6), 1182-1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2022.01.007
- Wu, W., Zhao, A., Man-Yau Szeto, I., Wang, Y., Meng, L., Li, T., Zhang, J., Wang, M., Tian, Z., Zhang, Y. (2019). Diet quality, consumption of seafood and eggs are associated with sleep quality among Chinese urban adults: A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China. Wiley, 7, 2091-2102. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1050
- Yazdani, V., Zeraattalab-Motlagh, S., Jayedi, A., Majdi, M., Mirrafiei, A., Martami, F., Djafarian, K., Shab-Bidar, S. (2023). The association between self-reported nocturnal sleep duration, irregularity in daily energy intake and diet quality in a sample of Iranian adults. Public Health Nutrition, 26(8), 1609-1616. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023000502
- Zhao, M., Tuo, H., Wang, S., Zhao, L. (2020). The effects of dietary nutrition on sleep and sleep disorders. Mediators of Inflammation, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3142874
- Zuraikat, F. M., Wood, R. A., Barragán, R., St-Onge, M.-P. (2021). Sleep and Diet: Mounting Evidence of a Cyclical Relationship. Annual Review of Nutrition, 41(1), 309-332. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-120420-021719